Benefits
Body composition: more fat-free mass, less fat mass
In one randomized controlled trial, 97 middle-aged untrained men took 15 grams a day of collagen peptides or placebo for 12 weeks while all of them did the same resistance training. Fat free mass rose 3.42 kg with the peptides versus 1.83 kg with placebo, and fat mass fell 5.28 kg versus 3.39 kg. Because both groups trained, training itself produced most of the change.
Leg strength in the middle-aged men trial
In that same trial, leg strength rose by 163 N with the peptides versus 100 N with placebo over 12 weeks, but the paper reports that this larger gain did not reach statistical significance. A third group took whey protein and landed in between, without being significantly different from either collagen or placebo, so collagen has not been shown to work better than ordinary protein.
Connective-tissue support
Collagen is rich in the amino acids glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which the body uses to build connective tissue. The trials cited here did not measure tendons or connective tissue, so this is background chemistry rather than a tested benefit.
Muscle strength gains alongside resistance training
BODYBALANCE at 15 g a day with 12 weeks of resistance training beat placebo on strength in two trials: hand-grip in 77 untrained women (+2.7 vs +1.3 kg; leg strength did not differ) and quadriceps strength in 53 older men with sarcopenia (+16.5 vs +7.3 Nm). Two trials in young and middle-aged men found no significant strength advantage. No athletes were tested; Gelita supplied the product in all four and helped fund at least three.
Mechanism of action
Amino acid signaling
Collagen peptides deliver amino acids that may add to the muscle building signal of resistance training. This is a proposed explanation, not something the trials cited here measured.
Connective-tissue substrate
Collagen provides building blocks for the connective tissue framework that surrounds muscle and transmits force. This comes from basic biology, not from a study of this ingredient.
Clinical trials
Randomized controlled trial of 15 grams a day of specific bioactive collagen peptides over 12 weeks, with every group following the same resistance training programme. The paper names BODYBALANCE as the product tested, Gelita supplied it and part-funded the study, and one author disclosed financial interests related to collagen. (Zdzieblik et al. 2021, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health)
97 middle-aged untrained men who completed the study. No women and no trained athletes took part.
Fat free mass rose 3.42 kg with collagen versus 1.83 kg with placebo (p=0.010), and fat mass fell 5.28 kg versus 3.39 kg (p=0.023). Leg strength rose 163 N versus 100 N, a difference that did not reach statistical significance. A whey protein group fell in between and was not significantly different from either collagen or placebo.