Home Ingredients Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

Tanacetum vulgare
Evidence Level
Preliminary
4 Clinical Trials
4 Documented Benefits
1/5 Evidence Score

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) is a daisy-family herb that folk medicine once used against intestinal worms, for cramping and digestion, and in some communities in attempts to end a pregnancy. It is now regarded as unsafe to take by mouth. Many tansy plants carry an essential oil rich in thujone, which blocks a calming brain receptor and causes seizures in animals, and a 19th-century medical report describes two pregnant women who had violent convulsions and died within hours of swallowing tansy oil, and in neither case did the pregnancy end. Thujone content depends on the plant's chemical type: some are dominated by beta-thujone, others by camphor, borneol or 1,8-cineole. The EU bars adding thujone as such to food and caps it in drinks, and US rules allow tansy only as a flavoring in thujone-free alcoholic beverages. No human trial of tansy alone exists. It is not feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium).

Studied Dose No safe oral dose of tansy has been established, and none is given here. For thujone from all herbal medicines, the European Medicines Agency gives 6 mg a day as the exposure limit. US rules allow tansy only as a flavoring in thujone-free alcoholic beverages.
Active Compound No single active compound. The essential oil (0.35 to 1.90% of the dried herb in one study) is dominated by beta- or alpha-thujone, camphor, borneol, 1,8-cineole or other compounds, depending on the plant's chemotype; some tansy also contains the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide.

Benefits

Traditional folk uses, now not advised

Folk medicine used tansy against intestinal worms, for cramping, to promote bile flow and for diarrhea, and in New Mexico it was among plants used to bring on a period or end a pregnancy. These uses rest on tradition, not trials. Because many plants are rich in thujone and swallowing the oil has caused fatal convulsions, internal use is not advised.

Supported by Trial 2, Trial 1

Worm eggs and larvae in lab dishes (lab study)

In lab dishes, tansy leaf and flower extracts stopped egg hatching and larval growth of sheep stomach worms, but at very high concentrations (10 to 500 mg/mL). In a separate lab screen of 46 herbal tinctures, tansy did not affect the survival of two other worm species' larvae. Nothing has been tested in people.

Supported by Trial 3

Stomach lining in rats (animal study)

In rats, a chloroform extract of tansy and its sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide, given by mouth before alcohol, reduced alcohol-induced stomach lesions and restored protective sulfhydryl groups in the stomach lining. A chloroform extract is a lab preparation, not a tea, and the authors said the benefit-risk balance still needed study.

Supported by Trial 4

Inflammation and bacteria markers with tansy oil in cells (lab study)

In cell tests, a camphor and borneol type tansy oil from Quebec lowered nitric oxide, an inflammation marker, reduced oxidation, and was active against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus; it was also slightly toxic to healthy human cells. These are test-tube results only, and the oil is not suitable for swallowing.

Supported by Trial 3, Trial 4

Mechanism of action

1

Thujone blocks the GABA-A receptor

In animal studies thujone blocks the GABA-A receptor, the brain's main calming receptor, causing excitation and convulsions that rise with dose; neurotoxicity is its main toxic effect. The liver breaks it down mainly through the enzyme CYP2A6, with CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 to a lesser extent. The dose that harms people is uncertain.

2

Chemotype sets how much thujone a plant holds

Tansy plants grown side by side from 40 Norwegian sites fell into seven chemical types: 24 of them were alpha- or beta-thujone types, while others were dominated by camphor, 1,8-cineole or other compounds. A Quebec oil was mainly camphor, borneol and 1,8-cineole, and a Bulgarian oil was a camphor type with about 6% thujone.

3

Several oil ketones act as convulsants

A neurology review lists tansy oil among 11 plant essential oils known as powerful convulsants, alongside wormwood, sage and hyssop, because of reactive monoterpene ketones such as thujone and camphor. This is why camphor-type tansy is not automatically harmless.

4

Sesquiterpene lactones and skin allergy

Tansy contains sesquiterpene lactones such as parthenolide, which also protected the stomach lining in rats. The same class of compounds causes daisy-family contact allergy: in Danish patch testing of 190 Compositae-allergic patients, tansy caused positive reactions second most often among the plant extracts in the Compositae mix, after feverfew.

Clinical trials

1
Three-Herb Capsule With Tansy: 3-Month Double-Blind RCT (combination product)
PubMed

Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Neurotec, an oral capsule combining rose hip (Rosa canina), nettle (Urtica dioica) and tansy, taken for 3 months alongside patient education. Outcomes: Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), visual analogue scales and pure tone audiometry. (Khosravi et al. 2023, Clin Otolaryngol)

103 analyzed adults (69 men, 34 women; mean age 51) with subjective tinnitus at an otolaryngology clinic in Tehran.

Unlike the placebo group, the capsule group showed a significant drop in THI scores (p < .05); the abstract does not make clear whether this was a direct between-group test. Both groups improved on visual analogue scales, but mood, daily perception and daily-life scores improved only with the capsule. Hearing thresholds did not differ. Tansy's share of any effect cannot be separated from the other two herbs, and the abstract reports no thujone content or side effect data.

2
Tansy Leaf Water Extract: Acute and 90-Day Rodent Toxicity (animal study)
PubMed

Animal toxicity study of a freeze-dried water extract of tansy leaves: single oral and injected doses in mice, observed for 14 days, and daily oral dosing in rats for 90 days with blood tests at 30, 60 and 90 days. (Lahlou et al. 2008, J Ethnopharmacol)

Mice (acute study) and rats (90-day study). No human participants.

In mice the extract caused dose-dependent behavior changes and deaths, with an oral LD50 of 9.9 g/kg. Over 90 days in rats there were no deaths and no significant blood changes except low blood sugar. The authors judged this water extract of low toxicity, but the abstract does not report its thujone content, and the result does not cover tansy oil.

3
Tansy Extracts and Sheep Worm Eggs and Larvae (lab study)
PubMed

In vitro egg hatch and larval development tests of ethanol and acetone extracts of Latvian tansy leaves and flowers at six concentrations from 10 to 500 mg/mL. (Kļaviņa et al. 2023, Animals (Basel))

Eggs and larvae of Trichostrongylidae worms collected from sheep. No animals or people were treated.

All extracts showed egg-killing and larva-killing activity; most reached 100% larval inhibition, and the best egg inhibition was 95.8% at 200 mg/mL and 93.3% at 500 mg/mL. These are very high lab concentrations. A separate lab screen of 46 plant tinctures found no effect of tansy on two other worm species' larvae.

4
Tansy Extract, Parthenolide and Alcohol Stomach Injury in Rats (animal study)
PubMed

Animal study of oral pretreatment with a chloroform extract of tansy (2.5 to 80 mg/kg) or purified parthenolide (5 to 40 mg/kg), given 30 minutes or 24 hours before absolute ethanol. (Tournier et al. 1999, J Pharm Pharmacol)

Rats with alcohol-induced stomach injury. No human participants.

Both reduced stomach lesions in a dose-dependent way, with 34 to 100% protection for the extract given 30 minutes before alcohol. Given 24 hours before, 40 mg/kg lowered the ulcer index from 4.8 to 1.4 (extract) and 0.5 (parthenolide), and 80 mg/kg of extract or 40 mg/kg of parthenolide restored stomach-lining sulfhydryl groups to near normal. The authors noted the benefit-risk balance still needed study.

Side effects and drug interactions

Common Potential side effects

Thujone poisoning: many tansy plants carry thujone-rich essential oil. Thujone blocks the brain's main calming receptor and causes dose-related convulsions in animals, and an EU review judges humans at least as sensitive as lab animals. Severe poisonings in people have followed swallowing thujone-rich oils.
Fatal convulsions: a 19th-century report describes a woman of about 21, early in pregnancy, who died about three and a half hours after swallowing oil of tansy, after repeated violent convulsions; it cites a second fatal case after a much smaller dose. A neurology review lists tansy oil among 11 plant oils known as powerful convulsants.
Pregnancy: tansy was used in folk attempts to end a pregnancy. In the recorded fatal cases the convulsions did not end the pregnancy, and the EU thujone statement notes there are no data for pregnant women or children and that use in these groups should be kept to a minimum.
Variable thujone: plants differ widely, from thujone-dominated types to camphor or borneol types, and camphor is itself a convulsant ketone. A product or plant cannot be judged low in thujone by appearance or label alone.
Daisy-family allergy: in Danish patch testing of 190 Compositae-allergic patients, tansy caused positive skin reactions second most often among the Compositae mix plant extracts, after feverfew. People allergic to feverfew, chamomile, chrysanthemum or other Asteraceae should avoid tansy.
Low blood sugar in rats: 90 days of a tansy leaf water extract caused hypoglycemia in rats, though no other significant blood changes.
Seizure disorders: because thujone and camphor act as convulsants, people with epilepsy or a history of seizures should avoid tansy in any form taken by mouth.

Important Drug interactions

No drug interaction studies of tansy in people have been published; the points below are based on its constituents.
Seizure medicines and sedatives: thujone blocks the GABA-A receptor that drugs such as benzodiazepines act on, so it could work against seizure control; avoid combining.
Drugs that affect CYP2A6 or CYP3A4: thujone is broken down mainly by CYP2A6 and partly by CYP3A4; a toxicology review flags possible interaction and gene-variant effects, though the EU statement judged interactions probably unlikely.
Diabetes medicines: a tansy water extract lowered blood sugar in rats over 90 days; in theory this could add to glucose-lowering drugs.

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Frequently asked questions about Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

Is tansy the same plant as feverfew?

No. Tansy is Tanacetum vulgare and feverfew is Tanacetum parthenium, a separate species in the same genus with its own page. Both belong to the daisy family, and both are common causes of daisy-family skin allergy. Tansy is the one whose essential oil is often rich in thujone, and its internal use is not advised.

Why do experts advise against swallowing tansy?

Many tansy plants contain thujone, which blocks a calming brain receptor and causes convulsions in animals; EU regulators judge people at least as sensitive. Historical medical reports describe violent convulsions and death within hours after people swallowed tansy oil. Thujone content varies widely between plants, and no human study has tested tansy alone for safety.

What limits do regulators set on thujone?

The European Medicines Agency gives 6 mg a day as the limit for thujone from herbal medicines. EU flavoring law bars adding thujone as such to food and caps it at 10 mg/kg in most alcoholic drinks (35 mg/kg in those made from Artemisia species). US rules list tansy only as a flavoring for alcoholic beverages, and the finished drink must be thujone free.

How much tansy should I take?

None by mouth. No safe oral dose of tansy has been established and no human study has tested tansy alone. Thujone content varies widely between plants, and swallowing tansy oil has caused fatal convulsions. The EU limit of 6 mg of thujone a day from herbal medicines is a safety ceiling, not a recommended dose.

Does every tansy plant contain thujone?

No, but many do. In tansy from 40 Norwegian sites grown side by side, 24 plants were thujone types, while others were dominated by camphor, 1,8-cineole or other compounds. Oils from Quebec and Bulgaria were camphor types. Camphor is also a convulsant, so a low-thujone plant is not automatically harmless.

What is Tansy?

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) is a daisy-family herb that folk medicine once used against intestinal worms, for cramping and digestion, and in some communities in attempts to end a pregnancy. It is now regarded as unsafe to take by mouth.

What is Tansy used for?

NutraSmarts does not list Tansy under a health category. What the research covers: Folk medicine used tansy against intestinal worms, for cramping, to promote bile flow and for diarrhea, and in New Mexico it was among plants used to bring on a period or end a pregnancy. These uses rest on tradition, not trials.

Is Tansy safe, and does it have side effects?

Side effects and cautions reported for Tansy include: Thujone poisoning: many tansy plants carry thujone-rich essential oil. Thujone blocks the brain's main calming receptor and causes dose-related convulsions in animals, and an EU review judges humans at least as sensitive as lab animals. It may also interact with some medications. Tansy is not right for everyone, so check with a healthcare provider first if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, have a medical condition, or take prescription medication.

Does Tansy interact with any medications?

Possible interactions include: No drug interaction studies of tansy in people have been published; the points below are based on its constituents. Seizure medicines and sedatives: thujone blocks the GABA-A receptor that drugs such as benzodiazepines act on, so it could work against seizure control; avoid combi… If you take prescription medication, check with a pharmacist or doctor before using it.

How strong is the scientific evidence for Tansy?

NutraSmarts rates the evidence for Tansy as Preliminary (1 out of 5). It is backed by 4 study summaries and 16 cited references summarized on this page. A higher rating reflects more, larger, and better-designed human studies.

References(16 citations)

Evidence ratings on NutraSmarts are based on the totality of human clinical research, with emphasis on randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. The references below directly support claims made throughout this page.

  1. European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing thujone (EMA/HMPC/732886/2010 Rev.1). European Medicines Agency. 2012;Final; revision 1 adopted 22 May 2012..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed. Official EU statement: thujone occurs as a variable mix of alpha- and beta-thujone in plants including cedar leaf, sage, tansy, wormwood, thyme and rosemary, in highly variable amounts. Severe poisonings in humans have followed swallowing thujone-rich essential oil, and overdose of wormwood preparations or the oil can cause convulsions, unconsciousness and death; humans are judged at least as sensitive to thujone as lab animals. In a 2-year US National Toxicology Program study even low doses caused seizures in rats. No data exist for pregnant women or children, so use in these groups should be kept to a minimum. Exposure of 3 to 7 mg a day from herbal medicines is not of special concern, higher amounts need case-by-case review, and 6 mg is given as the daily exposure limit from medicines. Thujone is metabolized mainly by CYP2A6, with CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 to a lesser extent; drug interactions were judged probably unlikely but not well studied.
  2. European Parliament, Council of the European Union. Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on flavourings and certain food ingredients with flavouring properties for use in and on foods, Annex III. Official Journal of the European Union. 2008;Annex III, Parts A and B (adopted text)..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed; EU regulation (Annex III read in the legislation.gov.uk copy of the adopted text). Part A lists thujone (alpha and beta) among substances that shall not be added as such to food. Part B sets maximum thujone levels in compound foods as consumed: 10 mg/kg in alcoholic beverages except those produced from Artemisia species, 35 mg/kg in alcoholic beverages produced from Artemisia species, and 0.5 mg/kg in non-alcoholic beverages produced from Artemisia species. Tansy is not named.
  3. US Food and Drug Administration. 21 CFR 172.510: Natural flavoring substances and natural substances used in conjunction with flavors. Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR). 2026;Title 21, Part 172, section 172.510 (current eCFR text, accessed October 2026)..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed; US federal regulation read on eCFR. Lists natural flavoring substances that may be safely used in food under stated conditions. The tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) entry is limited to alcoholic beverages only, and the finished alcoholic beverage must be thujone free. Wormwood (Artemisia), white cedar, oak moss and yarrow carry similar thujone-free conditions. The section covers flavoring use, not tansy as a dietary supplement.
  4. Pelkonen O, Abass K, Wiesner J. Thujone and thujone-containing herbal medicinal and botanical products: toxicological assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013;65(1):100-7. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.11.002.PubMedUsed to support: Review: in animal studies thujone blocks the GABA-A receptor, causing excitation and convulsions in a dose-dependent manner; neurotoxicity is the main toxic outcome in acute and chronic studies, with equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity in rats. CYP2A6 is the main enzyme that breaks it down, followed by CYP3A4 and CYP2B6, which may create pharmacogenetic and interaction concerns. Best estimates of allowable intake from herbal preparations and diet are about 3 to 7 mg a day, and the doses that harm humans remain uncertain.
  5. Burkhard PR, Burkhardt K, Haenggeli CA, Landis T. Plant-induced seizures: reappearance of an old problem. J Neurol. 1999;246(8):667-70. doi: 10.1007/s004150050429.PubMedUsed to support: Case series of three previously healthy patients (two adults, one child) with seizures after taking essential oils for therapeutic purposes, plus a literature survey listing the essential oils of 11 plants, including tansy, wormwood, sage, hyssop and thuja, as powerful convulsants because of monoterpene ketones such as thujone, camphor and pinocamphone. The tansy finding comes from the literature survey; it is cited here for that list and not as a tansy case.
  6. Dalton JC Jr. A Case of Poisoning with Oil of Tansy. West J Med Surg. 1852;10(5):440-443..PubMedUsed to support: Historical case report (PubMed lists no abstract; read in the PMC scanned pages, PMC10438662; reprinted from the American Journal of the Medical Sciences): a woman of about 21 in Boston, whose cousin suspected she had become pregnant and used tansy to cause an abortion, was found unconscious in violent convulsions after drinking oil of tansy stirred into water and died after repeated convulsions; the title gives death at three and a half hours. After death the early pregnancy was found undisturbed in the uterus. The report also mentions Dr. Hildreth's case, a woman a few weeks pregnant who took the oil to cause an abortion, had similar convulsions without abortion, and died more rapidly after a much smaller dose.
  7. Conway GA, Slocumb JC. Plants used as abortifacients and emmenagogues by Spanish New Mexicans. J Ethnopharmacol. 1979;1(3):241-61. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(79)80014-8.PubMedUsed to support: Ethnobotanical survey of plants used by people of Spanish and Mexican descent in New Mexico to bring on menstruation or end a pregnancy. Tansy (ponso or tanse) is listed among the other plants used, described from anecdotal and folk reports; the abstract notes that some plants used this way, such as rue, can cause toxic side effects.
  8. Rohloff J, Mordal R, Dragland S. Chemotypical variation of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) from 40 different locations in Norway. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(6):1742-8. doi: 10.1021/jf0352430.PubMedUsed to support: Plant chemistry study of tansy from 40 Norwegian locations grown under the same conditions: essential oil yield was 0.35 to 1.90% of dried herb (average 0.81%). Seven chemotypes were found: alpha-thujone (2 plants), beta-thujone (22), camphor (6), chrysanthenyl acetate or chrysanthenol (3), chrysanthenone (2), artemisia ketone or alcohol (3) and 1,8-cineole (2). In the thujone type, beta-thujone made up about 81% of the oil, and some plants were rich in alpha-thujone (61%).
  9. Coté H, Boucher MA, Pichette A, Legault J. Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Antibiotic, and Cytotoxic Activities of Tanacetum vulgare L. Essential Oil and Its Constituents. Medicines (Basel). 2017;4(2):34. doi: 10.3390/medicines4020034.PubMedUsed to support: Lab study of steam-distilled tansy oil from northern Quebec, whose main compounds were camphor, borneol and 1,8-cineole. In cell tests the oil reduced nitric oxide production (an inflammation marker) and oxidation, and it was active against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus; it was slightly toxic to a healthy human cell line. No animal or human testing.
  10. Karcheva-Bahchevanska D, Benbassat N, Georgieva Y, Lechkova B, Ivanova S, Ivanov K, Todorova V, Peychev L, Peychev Z, Denev P. A Study of the Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Potential, and Acute Toxicity of Bulgarian Tanacetum vulgare L. Essential Oil. Molecules. 2023;28(16):6155. doi: 10.3390/molecules28166155.PubMedUsed to support: Notes traditional folk use of tansy against worms, for cramping (antispasmodic) and to promote bile flow, for diarrhea and digestive problems, and externally as an insecticide. The oil of a wild Bulgarian population was a camphor chemotype (camphor 25.24%, thujone 6.06%). A single oral dose was not toxic in Wistar rats; the injected (intraperitoneal) LD50 was 14.9 g/kg. Results from one camphor-type oil do not apply to thujone-rich plants.
  11. Lahlou S, Israili ZH, Lyoussi B. Acute and chronic toxicity of a lyophilised aqueous extract of Tanacetum vulgare leaves in rodents. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;117(2):221-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.01.024.PubMedUsed to support: Rodent toxicity study of a freeze-dried water extract of tansy leaves: in mice, single oral doses caused dose-dependent behavior changes and deaths, with an oral LD50 of 9.9 g/kg and a no-observed-adverse-effect level of 7.0 g/kg. In rats given the extract by mouth daily for 90 days, there were no deaths or significant blood changes except low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). The authors judged this extract to have low toxicity; the abstract does not report its thujone content.
  12. Kļaviņa A, Keidāne D, Ganola K, Lūsis I, Šukele R, Bandere D, Kovalcuka L. Anthelmintic Activity of Tanacetum vulgare L. (Leaf and Flower) Extracts against Trichostrongylidae Nematodes in Sheep In Vitro. Animals (Basel). 2023;13(13):2176. doi: 10.3390/ani13132176.PubMedUsed to support: Lab (in vitro) study: ethanol and acetone extracts of Latvian tansy leaves and flowers, at 10 to 500 mg/mL, were tested on eggs and larvae of sheep gastrointestinal worms (Trichostrongylidae). All extracts showed egg-killing and larva-killing activity; most reached 100% larval inhibition, and the best egg inhibition was 95.8% (200 mg/mL, 50% acetone leaf extract) and 93.3% (500 mg/mL, 50% ethanol leaf extract).
  13. Boyko O, Brygadyrenko V. Anthelmintic Activity of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used in Europe. Biology (Basel). 2025;14(12):1636. doi: 10.3390/biology14121636.PubMedUsed to support: Lab screen of diluted ethanol tinctures of 46 European medicinal plants, including tansy, against larvae of the worms Strongyloides papillosus and Haemonchus contortus. Only wormwood, elecampane, chamomile, sage and black poplar showed worm-killing activity; tansy and the other plants did not affect larval survival.
  14. Tournier H, Schinella G, de Balsa EM, Buschiazzo H, Mañez S, Mordujovich de Buschiazzo P. Effect of the chloroform extract of Tanacetum vulgare and one of its active principles, parthenolide, on experimental gastric ulcer in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999;51(2):215-9. doi: 10.1211/0022357991772169.PubMedUsed to support: Rat study: oral pretreatment with a chloroform extract of tansy (2.5 to 80 mg/kg) or with parthenolide, its main sesquiterpene lactone (5 to 40 mg/kg), reduced alcohol-induced stomach lesions in a dose-dependent way (34 to 100% protection for the extract given 30 minutes before). Given 24 hours before, both lowered the ulcer index and restored stomach-lining sulfhydryl groups that alcohol had depleted. The authors said the benefit-risk balance still needed study.
  15. Khosravi MH, Atefi A, Mehri A, Sodeifian F, Yousefi J, Bagheri Hagh A, Sohrabpour S, Kazemi F, Ajalloueian M, Saeedi M. Therapeutic effects of Rosa canina, Urtica dioica and Tanacetum vulgare herbal combination in treatment of tinnitus symptoms: A double-blind randomised clinical trial. Clin Otolaryngol. 2023;48(2):151-157. doi: 10.1111/coa.13989.PubMedUsed to support: Double-blind randomized trial in 103 analyzed adults (69 men, 34 women; mean age 51) with subjective tinnitus: a capsule (Neurotec) combining rose hip, nettle and tansy, taken for 3 months with patient education, versus placebo. Tinnitus Handicap Inventory scores fell more with the capsule (p < .05); both groups improved on visual analogue scales, but mood, daily perception and daily-life scores improved only with the capsule. Hearing thresholds did not differ between groups. Tansy's own contribution cannot be separated from the other herbs.
  16. Paulsen E, Andersen KE, Hausen BM. Sensitization and cross-reaction patterns in Danish Compositae-allergic patients. Contact Dermatitis. 2001;45(4):197-204. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.450402.x.PubMedUsed to support: Patch-test study of 190 Compositae (daisy family) allergic patients found over 8 years in Denmark: among the plant extracts in the Compositae mix, feverfew caused positive reactions most often, followed by tansy, wild chamomile, yarrow and arnica. Cross-reactions between chrysanthemum and feverfew, tansy and chamomile may partly explain the high rate of positive reactions to these plants.