Home Ingredients Sundew (Drosera)

Sundew (Drosera)

Drosera rotundifolia / Drosera madagascariensis
Evidence Level
Preliminary
3 Clinical Trials
6 Documented Benefits
1/5 Evidence Score

Sundew (Drosera) is a small carnivorous bog plant whose dried above-ground parts, sold as Droserae herba, have been used in European airway remedies since at least the seventeenth century. It still appears in many European syrups and drops, often alongside other herbs or in homeopathic form. The plant contains flavonoids such as quercetin and hyperoside and reactive naphthoquinones (plumbagin or ramentaceone). Unlike cowslip, sundew has no EU herbal monograph and no European Pharmacopoeia quality standard. Wild round-leaved sundew is protected in most of Europe, so much commercial material is another species, mainly D. madagascariensis from Madagascar. No trial of sundew alone in people appears in PubMed; the few placebo-controlled trials used a honey and herb blend or homeopathic syrups that hold little or no measurable sundew, and most other work is lab research.

Studied Dose No dose of sundew alone has been tested in people. Trials used blends: a honey and four-herb syrup with dry sundew flower extract, 10 ml twice daily for 7 days, and homeopathic syrups holding little or no measurable sundew (one lists 0.02 g of Drosera mother tincture per 100 g of syrup).
Active Compound Flavonoids (quercetin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, 2″-O-galloylhyperoside), ellagic acid derivatives, and the naphthoquinones ramentaceone (7-methyljuglone) and plumbagin.

Benefits

Centuries of traditional use in European herbal medicine

Sundew herb has been taken as a traditional airway remedy since at least the seventeenth century and appears in a few hundred medicines registered in Europe, many of them syrups and drops. This is a record of use, not proof of effect: no EU herbal monograph exists for sundew, and no trial of sundew on its own in people appears in PubMed.

Supported by Trial 3, Trial 2

Honey and four-herb syrup with sundew compared with placebo in children

In a small placebo-controlled pilot trial in 56 children aged 5 to 11 with a cough during a cold, a syrup of eucalyptus honey with horehound, sundew flower, ivy leaf and plantain extracts lowered day-time cough scores more than placebo from day 3 and night-time scores from day 4 through day 7. Honey and ivy are active ingredients too, so sundew's share is unknown.

Supported by Trial 1

Homeopathic syrups listing sundew compared with placebo

Two placebo-controlled trials of homeopathic syrups that list Drosera among four or ten ingredients reported lower cough scores than placebo, one in 180 children over 7 days and one in 80 adults with a respiratory infection. These homeopathic dilutions hold little or no measurable sundew, so the results say nothing about sundew herb at supplement doses.

Supported by Trial 2, Trial 3

Airway muscle relaxation and cilia activity in lab studies

In slices of mouse windpipe, a round-leaved sundew extract eased acetylcholine-triggered muscle tightening and sped up the beating of the cilia that sweep mucus out of the airways. Its flavonoids, mainly quercetin and a galloyl form of hyperoside, carried these effects. This is tissue work, not a test in living animals or people.

Supported by Trial 1

Calming of inflammatory enzymes and cells in lab studies

In test tubes, sundew extracts blocked human neutrophil elastase, an enzyme released by white blood cells, and the flavonoids rather than the naphthoquinones were responsible. In guinea-pig gut tissue the extracts also relaxed muscle through acetylcholine and histamine receptors. None of this has been measured in people.

Supported by Trial 1, Trial 3

Bacterial biofilm effects of sundew compounds in the lab

Flavonoid and naphthoquinone fractions from cultivated round-leaved sundew reduced biofilm formation by drug-resistant E. coli in culture, with the flavonoids appearing to act partly by binding iron. These are laboratory results with no human data, and sundew is not a substitute for medical treatment of an infection.

Supported by Trial 1

Mechanism of action

1

Flavonoids inhibit PDE1 and PDE4 in airway tissue

Quercetin and 2″-O-galloylhyperoside inhibited the phosphodiesterases PDE1A and PDE4D in enzyme assays, and a PDE4 inhibitor mimicked the rise in ciliary beat in mouse windpipe slices. Shown only in isolated tissue and enzyme assays.

2

Muscarinic M3 receptor antagonism

Sundew extracts and quercetin blocked acetylcholine-type (carbachol) contractions of guinea-pig gut tissue, an effect traced to muscarinic M3 receptors, with a histamine H1 component in one study. In mouse windpipe slices, sundew extract also relaxed acetylcholine-induced contractions. Tissue findings only.

3

Neutrophil elastase inhibition by flavonols

Hyperoside, quercetin and isoquercitrin inhibited human neutrophil elastase at low microgram per ml concentrations, while the sundew naphthoquinones were inactive in the same assay.

4

Naphthoquinones carry the toxicity concern

Sundew species make mainly plumbagin or mainly ramentaceone (7-methyljuglone), reactive naphthoquinones that are cytotoxic in cell studies. In a 3D human mucosa model a naphthoquinone-rich fraction cut cell viability while a whole extract with about 0.02% naphthoquinones did not; content varies by species.

Clinical trials

1
Honey and Four-Herb Syrup with Sundew vs Placebo in Children (blend)
PubMed

Pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of Sediflù, a medical-device syrup of eucalyptus honey with dry extracts of horehound, sundew flower, ivy leaf and plantain leaf, 10 ml twice daily for 7 days; sponsored by Cinfa. (Núñez et al. 2024, Clin Pediatr (Phila))

56 children aged 5 to 11 with a dry or productive cough of 3 to 7 days during a cold (27 syrup, 29 placebo).

Night-time cough scores were lower than with placebo from day 4 and day-time scores from day 3, and the gap grew through day 7. No adverse effects occurred in either group. The trial was small and the syrup has five active ingredients, including honey, so the result cannot be credited to sundew. The authors note milder coughs than usual during the 2020 to 2021 mask period and slightly higher baseline scores in the syrup group.

2
Homeopathic Four-Ingredient Syrup Listing Drosera vs Placebo in Children (homeopathic)
PubMed

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Monapax, a homeopathic syrup combining Drosera, Coccus cacti, Cuprum sulfuricum and Ipecacuanha, for 7 days; one author is employed by the license holder, Cassella-med. (Voß et al. 2018, Drug Res (Stuttg))

180 children aged 6 months to 12 years with acute dry cough (89 syrup, 91 placebo).

The cough score improved by 5.2 points on the syrup and 3.2 on placebo (p < 0.0001); secondary measures also favored the syrup. Mild or moderate adverse reactions were seen in 6 children on the syrup and 9 on placebo. This is a homeopathic product: its current German product information lists only 0.02 g of Drosera mother tincture per 100 g of syrup beside three other ingredients, so the result says nothing about sundew herb at supplement doses.

3
Homeopathic Ten-Ingredient Syrup with Drosera Mother Tincture vs Placebo in Adults (homeopathic)
PubMed

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a homeopathic cough syrup (Stodal), which the authors' later paper lists as nine homeopathic dilutions (3 CH to 6 CH) plus an unstated amount of Drosera mother tincture, taken for one week. (Zanasi et al. 2014, Pulm Pharmacol Ther)

80 patients with acute cough from an upper respiratory infection or acute bronchitis (40 syrup, 40 placebo).

Cough scores fell in both groups, but severity was lower on the syrup at day 4 (p < 0.001) and day 7 (p = 0.023). Measured sputum viscosity was lower on the syrup in the 53 who gave samples, while patients' own rating of viscosity did not differ (p = 0.059). No treatment-related adverse events. Sundew is one of ten ingredients and its amount is not stated, so the result says nothing about sundew herb at supplement doses.

Side effects and drug interactions

Common Potential side effects

Safety data in people come only from blend trials, where adverse effects were few: none with a honey and herb syrup in 56 children, and mild or moderate reactions in 6 of 89 children on a homeopathic syrup versus 9 of 91 on placebo.
In rodent studies of the pure compound, plumbagin, one of the sundew naphthoquinones, dose-dependently damaged the liver of mice given 1 to 15 mg/kg/day by mouth for 14 days, while in rats the highest tolerated daily oral dose over 28 days was 25 mg/kg. No sundew extract was tested. A tested round-leaved sundew extract held only about 0.02% naphthoquinones, but levels differ between species and products.
Researchers recommend that only round-leaved sundew be used for medicines because species differ in naphthoquinone content and toxicity; much commercial sundew is a different species (often D. madagascariensis), and labels may not say which.
Liquid sundew preparations such as mother tinctures are made with ethanol, which matters for children, in pregnancy and for anyone avoiding alcohol.
Safety in pregnancy and breastfeeding has not been established.
A cough lasting more than about three weeks, or one with fever, breathlessness or blood, needs medical assessment rather than an herbal syrup.

Important Drug interactions

No clinical interaction data exist for sundew, and there is no EU monograph summarizing its interactions.
Anticholinergic drugs (for example oxybutynin or ipratropium): sundew blocked muscarinic M3 receptors in lab tissue; any additive effect in people is unknown.
Disulfiram, metronidazole and other alcohol-sensitizing drugs: relevant to ethanol-based sundew tinctures and drops.
CYP450-metabolized drugs: plumbagin did not change CYP1A2 or CYP3A11 activity in mouse liver preparations; not tested in people.

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Frequently asked questions about Sundew (Drosera)

Is the sundew in supplements the same plant as the protected round-leaved sundew?

Often not. Wild round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia) has been protected in most European countries since the 1980s, and Germany bans commercial collection of all sundew species. Makers switched first to other European sundews and then to African and Asian species; most sundew herb sold in Europe is now D. madagascariensis, wild-collected in Madagascar. Some round-leaved sundew is still picked in Finland and research groups are growing it on rewetted peatland.

Why does the sundew species on the label matter?

Sundew species differ in chemistry. D. madagascariensis has less naphthoquinone than round-leaved sundew, a commercial D. peltata material contained no flavonoids at all, and species differ in whether plumbagin or ramentaceone dominates. A 2024 quality study recommended using only round-leaved sundew for medicines because of these differences in content and toxicity. There is no European Pharmacopoeia standard for the herb.

What is the difference between herbal and homeopathic sundew products?

Herbal products use a dry or liquid extract of the plant. Homeopathic syrups list Drosera, sometimes as a mother tincture, alongside other remedies diluted to very low levels, so the finished syrup holds little or no measurable sundew (one lists 0.02 g of Drosera mother tincture per 100 g). Two of the three placebo-controlled trials cited on this page tested such syrups, so their results do not show what sundew herb does at supplement doses.

Does sundew contain plumbagin, and is that a concern?

Some species do. Sundews make either plumbagin or ramentaceone (7-methyljuglone); round-leaved sundew mainly makes 7-methyljuglone with some plumbagin. In rodent studies of the isolated compound, pure plumbagin dose-dependently harmed the liver of mice given 1 to 15 mg/kg/day, while a tested round-leaved sundew extract held only about 0.02% naphthoquinones and did not reduce cell viability in a 3D human cell model. Levels in other species and products are not standardized.

What is Sundew?

Sundew (Drosera) is a small carnivorous bog plant whose dried above-ground parts, sold as Droserae herba, have been used in European airway remedies since at least the seventeenth century. It still appears in many European syrups and drops, often alongside other herbs or in homeopathic form.

What is Sundew used for?

NutraSmarts does not list Sundew under a health category. What the research covers: Sundew herb has been taken as a traditional airway remedy since at least the seventeenth century and appears in a few hundred medicines registered in Europe, many of them syrups and drops.

What is the recommended dosage of Sundew?

No dose of sundew alone has been tested in people. Trials used blends: a honey and four-herb syrup with dry sundew flower extract, 10 ml twice daily for 7 days, and homeopathic syrups holding little or no measurable sundew (one lists 0. Always follow the product label and check with a healthcare provider for personal advice.

Is Sundew safe, and does it have side effects?

Side effects and cautions reported for Sundew include: Safety data in people come only from blend trials, where adverse effects were few: none with a honey and herb syrup in 56 children, and mild or moderate reactions in 6 of 89 children on a homeopathic syrup versus 9 of 91 on placebo. It may also interact with some medications. Sundew is not right for everyone, so check with a healthcare provider first if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, have a medical condition, or take prescription medication.

Does Sundew interact with any medications?

Possible interactions include: No clinical interaction data exist for sundew, and there is no EU monograph summarizing its interactions. Anticholinergic drugs (for example oxybutynin or ipratropium): sundew blocked muscarinic M3 receptors in lab tissue; any additive effect in people is unknown. If you take prescription medication, check with a pharmacist or doctor before using it.

How strong is the scientific evidence for Sundew?

NutraSmarts rates the evidence for Sundew as Preliminary (1 out of 5). It is backed by 3 study summaries and 17 cited references summarized on this page. A higher rating reflects more, larger, and better-designed human studies.

References(17 citations)

Evidence ratings on NutraSmarts are based on the totality of human clinical research, with emphasis on randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. The references below directly support claims made throughout this page.

  1. Baranyai B, Joosten H. Biology, ecology, use, conservation and cultivation of round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia L.): a review. Mires and Peat. 2016;18:Article 18, 1-28. doi: 10.19189/MaP.2015.OMB.212.SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed: open-access peer-reviewed review. Sundew herb has been used since medieval times for coughs and lung complaints and appears in 200 to 300 medicines registered in Europe. Wild round-leaved sundew has been protected in most European countries since the 1980s (commercial collection is prohibited in Germany; all native species are protected in France), so makers turned to D. intermedia and D. anglica and then to African and Asian species. The main commercial source is now D. madagascariensis, wild-collected in Madagascar and lower in naphthoquinones than D. rotundifolia; the European market uses about 6 to 20 tons of dried herb a year.
  2. European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Inventory of herbal substances for assessment (EMA/HMPC/494079/2007). European Medicines Agency. 2021;Last update: May 2021..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed: EU regulatory document listing the herbal substances proposed to the HMPC for an EU herbal monograph. The May 2021 version lists ivy leaf and primula root and flower but contains no entry for Drosera (sundew), so there is no EU herbal monograph or assessment of sundew.
  3. Gerschler S, Neumann N, Schultze N, Guenther S, Schulze C. Quality parameters for the medicinal plant Drosera rotundifolia L.: A new approach with established techniques. Arch Pharm (Weinheim). 2024;357(1):e2300436. doi: 10.1002/ardp.202300436.PubMedUsed to support: Sundew has disappeared from therapy because of nature conservation but can now be cultivated on rewetted peatland; there is no valid European Pharmacopoeia monograph for quality control of Droserae herba. Sundew species could be told apart by macroscopic, microscopic and chromatographic methods, and their flavonoid and naphthoquinone contents differed. Because of differences in content and toxicity, the authors recommend that only round-leaved sundew be used for medicines.
  4. Hake A, Begrow F, Spiegler V, Symma N, Hensel A, Düfer M. Effects of Extracts and Flavonoids from Drosera rotundifolia L. on Ciliary Beat Frequency and Murine Airway Smooth Muscle. Molecules. 2022;27(19):6622. doi: 10.3390/molecules27196622.PubMedUsed to support: Ex vivo study in mouse windpipe slices, funded by Klosterfrau: a D. rotundifolia ethanol-water extract and its aqueous fraction relaxed acetylcholine-induced airway muscle contractions and increased ciliary beat frequency. Quercetin, hyperoside and 2″-O-galloylhyperoside drove the muscle effect; quercetin and 2″-O-galloylhyperoside raised ciliary beating and inhibited the enzymes PDE1A and PDE4D. The introduction names 7-methyljuglone as the main naphthoquinone of D. rotundifolia, alongside plumbagin. Tissue findings, not effects in people.
  5. Melzig MF, Pertz HH, Krenn L. Anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic activity of extracts from Droserae herba. Phytomedicine. 2001;8(3):225-9. doi: 10.1078/0944-7113-00031.PubMedUsed to support: Lab study: an ethanol extract of D. madagascariensis inhibited human neutrophil elastase (IC50 9.4 micrograms/ml); flavonoids such as quercetin, hyperoside and isoquercitrin, not the naphthoquinones, accounted for this. In guinea-pig gut tissue the extract (0.5 to 1 mg/ml) relaxed contractions through muscarinic M3 and histamine H1 receptors, but it had no effect at prostanoid receptors in guinea-pig windpipe.
  6. Krenn L, Beyer G, Pertz HH, Karall E, Kremser M, Galambosi B, Melzig MF. In vitro antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effects of Drosera rotundifolia. Arzneimittelforschung. 2004;54(7):402-5. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1296991.PubMedUsed to support: Lab study: water and ethanol extracts of D. rotundifolia inhibited human neutrophil elastase (IC50 5 and 1 micrograms/ml); the very low naphthoquinone levels were not responsible, while flavonoids (hyperoside, quercetin, isoquercitrin) were active. In guinea-pig gut tissue the extracts relaxed contractions, possibly through an allosteric site on muscarinic M3 receptors.
  7. Kolodziej H, Pertz HH, Humke A. Main constituents of a commercial Drosera fluid extract and their antagonist activity at muscarinic M3 receptors in guinea-pig ileum. Pharmazie. 2002;57(3):201-3..PubMedUsed to support: Analysis of a commercial Drosera fluid extract and of D. madagascariensis found the naphthoquinones droserone and plumbagin plus several flavonols. A commercial D. peltata material, a species not accepted by Germany's Commission E, contained no flavonoids. Quercetin moderately blocked carbachol-induced contractions of guinea-pig gut tissue at 10 microM. Lab findings only.
  8. Zehl M, Braunberger C, Conrad J, Crnogorac M, Krasteva S, Vogler B, Beifuss U, Krenn L. Identification and quantification of flavonoids and ellagic acid derivatives in therapeutically important Drosera species by LC-DAD, LC-NMR, NMR, and LC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011;400(8):2565-76. doi: 10.1007/s00216-011-4690-3.PubMedUsed to support: Droserae herba has been used for convulsive or whooping cough since the seventeenth century. Thirteen flavonoids and ellagic acid derivatives were identified in four medicinal species (D. anglica, D. intermedia, D. madagascariensis, D. rotundifolia); 2″-O-galloylhyperoside was the most prominent component of D. rotundifolia and D. anglica. The validated method is suited to quality control of the herb.
  9. Schlauer J, Hartmeyer SRH, Hartmeyer I, Seppänen-Laakso T, Rischer H. Contrasting Dihydronaphthoquinone Patterns in Closely Related Drosera (Sundew) Species Enable Taxonomic Distinction and Identification. Plants (Basel). 2021;10(8):1601. doi: 10.3390/plants10081601.PubMedUsed to support: Sundew species make one of two related naphthoquinones, plumbagin (2-methyljuglone) or ramentaceone (7-methyljuglone), together with their reduced dihydro forms, and these chemical patterns reliably distinguish closely related, look-alike species. Chemistry study, not a health study.
  10. Núñez C, Chiatti MC, Tansella F, Coronel-Rodríguez C, Risco E. Efficacy and tolerability of SEDIFLÙ in treating dry or productive cough in the pediatric population (SEPEDIA): A pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2024;63(11):1510-1519. doi: 10.1177/00099228241228074.PubMedUsed to support: Pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial sponsored by Cinfa: 56 children aged 5 to 11 with a cough of 3 to 7 days took a medical-device syrup of eucalyptus honey with dry extracts of horehound, sundew flower, ivy leaf and plantain leaf (10 ml twice daily for 7 days) or a placebo syrup. Night and day cough scores improved more than with placebo from about day 3 or 4, and no adverse effects were seen in either group. A five-ingredient blend, so the share due to sundew is unknown.
  11. Voß HW, Michalsen A, Brünjes R. Efficacy and tolerability of a complex homeopathic drug in children suffering from dry cough-A double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Drug Res (Stuttg). 2018;68(8):444-449. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-124179.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a homeopathic syrup combining Drosera, Coccus cacti, Cuprum sulfuricum and Ipecacuanha (Monapax) in 180 children aged 6 months to 12 years with acute dry cough for 7 days: a cough score improved by 5.2 points versus 3.2 on placebo. Mild or moderate adverse reactions occurred in 6 children on the syrup and 9 on placebo. One author is employed by the product's license holder and another consulted for it.
  12. Zanasi A, Mazzolini M, Tursi F, Morselli-Labate AM, Paccapelo A, Lecchi M. Homeopathic medicine for acute cough in upper respiratory tract infections and acute bronchitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2014;27(1):102-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.05.007.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized, double-blind trial in 80 patients with acute cough from a respiratory infection: cough severity was lower on a homeopathic syrup than on placebo after 4 and 7 days, and measured sputum viscosity was lower in the 53 who gave samples, but patients' own rating of viscosity did not differ significantly. No treatment-related adverse events. The syrup (Stodal) contains Drosera mother tincture with nine homeopathic dilutions, as listed in the authors' 2015 follow-up.
  13. Zanasi A, Cazzato S, Mazzolini M, Ierna CM, Mastroroberto M, Nardi E, Morselli-Labate AM. Does additional antimicrobial treatment have a better effect on URTI cough resolution than homeopathic symptomatic therapy alone? A real-life preliminary observational study in a pediatric population. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2015;10(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s40248-015-0022-3.PubMedUsed to support: Open observational study in 85 children with wet acute cough: cough improved similarly with the homeopathic syrup alone (46 children) or with the syrup plus antibiotics (39); adverse effects were reported by 4.3% versus 23.1%. The full text lists the syrup (Stodal, Boiron) as nine homeopathic dilutions plus Drosera mother tincture, dosed at 5 ml four times daily, and identifies it as the syrup of the 2014 adult trial. There was no group without the syrup. The authors thank Boiron, the syrup maker, for a non-binding financial contribution.
  14. Gerschler S, Maaß S, Gerth P, Schulig L, Wildgrube T, Rockstroh J, Wurster M, Methling K, Becher D, Lalk M, Schulze C, Guenther S, Schultze N. Drosera rotundifolia L. as E. coli biofilm inhibitor: Insights into the mechanism of action using proteomics/metabolomics and toxicity studies. Biofilm. 2025;9:100268. doi: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100268.PubMedUsed to support: Lab study of cultivated round-leaved sundew: flavonoid and naphthoquinone fractions inhibited biofilm formation by drug-resistant E. coli. The crude extract held about 3% flavonoids and about 0.02% plumbagin plus 7-methyljuglone. In a 3D human mucosa cell model the extract did not reduce viability, while the naphthoquinone-enriched fraction did, concentration-dependently; wax moth larvae given 2000 mg/kg showed low mortality. The authors note sundew is protected in most European countries.
  15. Sukkasem N, Chatuphonprasert W, Tatiya-Aphiradee N, Jarukamjorn K. Imbalance of the antioxidative system by plumbagin and Plumbago indica L. extract induces hepatotoxicity in mice. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol. 2016;5(2):137-45. doi: 10.5455/jice.20160301094913.PubMedUsed to support: Mouse study: pure plumbagin given by stomach tube at 1, 5 or 15 mg/kg/day for 14 days caused dose-related liver injury, with raised ALT and AST and a disturbed antioxidant balance. The plumbagin tested was a pure compound, not a sundew extract.
  16. Sumsakul W, Plengsuriyakarn T, Na-Bangchang K. Pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and cytochrome P450 modulatory activity of plumbagin. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016;17(1):50. doi: 10.1186/s40360-016-0094-5.PubMedUsed to support: Animal study: in rats the maximum tolerated oral dose of plumbagin was 150 mg/kg once and 25 mg/kg daily for 28 days. In mouse liver preparations plumbagin did not change the expression or activity of the drug-metabolizing enzymes CYP1A2 and CYP3A11. Not tested in people.
  17. Cassella-med GmbH & Co. KG. Monapax Sirup: Fachinformation (German summary of product characteristics). Cassella-med GmbH & Co. KG. 2021;Stand der Information: June 2021. Marketing authorization no. 51377.00.00..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed: official German product information for the homeopathic syrup named in the 2018 children's trial (same four ingredients). 100 g of syrup contain Drosera mother tincture 0.02 g, Coccus cacti mother tincture 0.04 g, and Cuprum sulfuricum and Ipecacuanha D4 dilutions 2.0 g each, with 3.0% alcohol by volume, so the sundew content is a trace. It is a homeopathic medicine whose uses derive from homeopathic drug pictures.