Home Ingredients Asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida)
Gut Health

Asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida)

Ferula assa-foetida
Evidence Level
Limited
6 Clinical Trials
5 Documented Benefits
2/5 Evidence Score

Asafoetida, known as hing in India, is the dried oleo-gum resin tapped from the roots of Ferula assa-foetida, a giant fennel (Apiaceae). A small pinch flavors South Asian cooking, and the resin has a long traditional use as a digestive aid. Raw asafoetida is roughly 40 to 64% resin, about 25% gum and 10 to 17% sulfur-rich volatile oil. Most kitchen hing is compounded: Indian food standards let it be blended with gum arabic, edible starches or cereal flour. The main human evidence is two small placebo-controlled trials of Asafin, one maker's capsule of asafoetida resin bound to fenugreek fiber, in adults with indigestion symptoms; both were funded by that maker and reported lower symptom scores. Asafoetida is its only active ingredient, so these trials count for the resin, though the fiber carrier was not tested alone. Asafoetida remedies given to infants have caused a dangerous blood reaction.

Studied Dose 250 mg twice daily (about 180 mg asafoetida gum a day) for 30 days, or 250 mg once daily (up to 2 a day) for 14 days, of a fenugreek-fiber asafoetida formulation; 1 g/day of resin for two 21-day cycles; 100 mg of distilled Ferula essence twice daily for 3 months.
Active Compound Oleo-gum resin from the roots of Ferula assa-foetida: a resin fraction (about 40 to 64%) containing ferulic acid and its esters, coumarins and sesquiterpene coumarins; a gum fraction (about 25%) of sugars and glycoproteins; and a volatile oil (about 10 to 17%) rich in sulfur compounds such as disulfides.

Benefits

Indigestion symptom scores in a 30-day placebo-controlled trial

In 48 randomized adults with moderate to severe functional dyspepsia (43 analyzed), Asafin, a capsule of asafoetida resin bound to fenugreek fiber (250 mg twice daily, about 180 mg of asafoetida gum a day), lowered three digestive symptom scores more than placebo over 30 days, and 66% were symptom-free at the end. The maker funded the trial, and 3 of its 5 authors were from the company.

Supported by Trial 1, Trial 2

Bloating and early fullness in a 14-day placebo-controlled trial

In 62 adults with indigestion symptoms (56 finished), one 250 mg Asafin capsule a day (a second allowed on symptom days) for 14 days reduced bloating, early satiety and belching more than placebo over time. Heartburn was lower overall, but its change over time, like that of after-meal fullness, upper stomach pain and burning, and nausea, did not differ significantly from placebo. The maker funded the trial.

Supported by Trial 2

Stool form and gut bacteria in the 14-day trial

As secondary outcomes of the 14-day trial, hard stool types became less common and the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio of gut bacteria fell by about 72% in the asafoetida group, while the placebo group's bacteria did not change significantly. These come from one small maker-funded study; how they relate to symptoms was not tested.

Supported by Trial 2, Trial 1

Sleep questionnaire and reaction time scores in the 14-day trial

In the same 14-day trial, Bergen Insomnia Scale scores improved about 10 points more than on placebo, and choice reaction time fell 44% on asafoetida. Both were secondary outcomes in people with indigestion symptoms. The authors credit gut-brain signaling, which the study did not test.

Supported by Trial 2, Trial 1

Hormone and ovary ultrasound markers in a 3-month placebo-controlled trial

In 43 young women with polycystic ovary syndrome, 100 mg of a distilled Ferula essence twice daily for 3 months did not change the main outcomes (BMI, hair-growth score, cycle length) versus placebo. Ovarian follicle counts, DHEAS and TSH changed more than on placebo. The preparation was a distilled oil, not the kitchen resin.

Supported by Trial 3

Mechanism of action

1

Sulfur compounds and resin acids

Reviews describe three parts to the resin: a resin fraction with ferulic acid esters and coumarins, a gum fraction, and a volatile oil whose sulfur compounds, mainly disulfides, give asafoetida its strong smell. Which of these, if any, drives the effects reported in the human trials has not been tested.

2

Gut muscle relaxation in isolated tissue (lab study)

In isolated guinea-pig intestine, a gum extract roughly halved spontaneous contractions and relaxed muscle contracted by acetylcholine, histamine or potassium, a possible basis, untested in people, for its traditional use as a gut antispasmodic. No study cited here measured gut muscle activity in people.

3

Digestive enzyme activity in rats (animal study)

Rats fed asafoetida in their diet for 8 weeks had higher pancreatic lipase and amylase activity than controls; a single oral dose had no such effect. Rat diets do not show what culinary or supplement amounts do in people.

Clinical trials

1
Asafoetida Formulation 250 mg Twice Daily vs Placebo for 30 Days: Indigestion Scores
PubMed

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at one hospital in Bangalore, India, in adults with moderate to severe functional dyspepsia: hard-shell capsules of Asafin, asafoetida resin bound to fenugreek fiber (250 mg with about 90 mg asafoetida gum), twice daily, or placebo for 30 days. Funded by the maker, Akay; 3 of the 5 authors were from the company; retrospectively registered (CTRI/2018/01/011149). (Mala et al. 2018, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med)

60 adults aged 25 to 55 with functional dyspepsia by Rome III criteria were enrolled from outpatients seeking care for digestive complaints; 12 declined at the first visit, 48 were randomized (24 per group), and 5 dropped out or broke protocol (3 asafoetida, 2 placebo), leaving 43 analyzed (21 asafoetida, 22 placebo).

Overall symptom scores on three questionnaires (GSRS, GDSS and NDI) fell significantly more than on placebo (p of 0.001 or less); the GSRS score fell 51.6% versus placebo. About 81% of the asafoetida group improved and 66% were symptom-free at 30 days. No adverse events, and blood counts and biochemistry tests did not change. Small, single site, maker-funded.

2
Asafoetida Formulation 250 mg Daily vs Placebo for 14 Days: Symptoms, Stool and Gut Bacteria
PubMed

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Asafin (asafoetida resin in a fenugreek-fiber hydrogel), one 250 mg capsule before breakfast for 14 days, with a second allowed on days with symptoms (maximum 2 a day). Funded by the maker, Akay Natural Ingredients; 3 of the 7 authors were associated with the company. Registered CTRI/2022/07/044075. (Das et al. 2025, Medicine (Baltimore))

62 adults aged 18 to 75 with mild to moderate functional dyspepsia symptoms by Rome IV criteria; 56 finished (2 asafoetida and 4 placebo dropouts).

Early satiety, bloating and belching fell more over time than on placebo (treatment by time p = 0.024, 0.004 and 0.042). Heartburn was lower on asafoetida overall (treatment p = 0.006), but its treatment by time result was not significant (p = 0.161), although the abstract reports otherwise; after-meal fullness, upper stomach pain, upper stomach burning and nausea also showed no significant treatment by time effect. 8 asafoetida and 14 placebo users sometimes took 2 capsules a day, and about 11 placebo users took acid-reducing drugs. Secondary outcomes: sleep scores and reaction time improved; no safety issues in blood tests, and 7 people noticed the taste.

3
Ferula Essence vs Fennel vs Placebo for 3 Months: Hormone and Ultrasound Markers
PubMed

Randomized, triple-blind, three-arm trial in Iran (IRCT2016040427207N1): soft capsules of Ferula assa-foetida essence distilled from root and stem (100 mg), fennel oil (46 mg) or placebo, twice daily for 3 months, in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. No funding source stated; the authors declared no tie to the capsule maker. (Ghavi et al. 2023, Avicenna J Phytomed)

47 female students aged 18 to 30 with polycystic ovary syndrome by Rotterdam criteria; 43 finished (14 Ferula, 15 fennel, 14 placebo).

The primary outcomes, BMI, hair-growth (Ferriman-Gallwey) score and cycle length, did not differ between groups. Among secondary outcomes, follicle counts in both ovaries fell more than on placebo, and DHEAS (p = 0.03) and TSH (p = 0.004) differed from placebo; FSH, LH, prolactin, free testosterone, ovarian volume and endometrial thickness did not.

4
Asafoetida Resin 1 g/day vs Low-Dose Contraceptive Pill: Cycle Regularity (no placebo)
PubMed

Double-blind trial at Shahed University, Iran (IRCT20190728044360N1), described as randomized although groups were assigned considering age, BMI and other traits: 500 mg resin capsules twice daily, or a low-dose contraceptive pill hidden in a capsule, for two 21-day cycles; follow-up 8 months. No funding statement. (Dehparvar et al. 2024, Avicenna J Phytomed)

30 women aged 20 to 40 with polycystic ovary syndrome in Qom, Iran; 28 analyzed (2 on the pill stopped with headache).

Cycle intervals shortened in both groups. Regular cycles lasted longer after asafoetida (6.5 vs 2.5 months, p = 0.001), and 7 of 14 married women on asafoetida versus 0 of 10 on the pill became pregnant within 8 months (p = 0.019). Weight, hirsutism, ovarian ultrasound and liver enzymes did not differ; blood fats rose on the pill. Small, with an active contraceptive comparator and no placebo.

5
Asafoetida Gum Extract on Isolated Guinea-Pig Tissue and Rat Blood Pressure (lab and animal study)
PubMed

Isolated-tissue study of guinea-pig ileum (small intestine) plus an anesthetized-rat blood pressure study, from Mashhad, Iran, of a Ferula asafoetida gum extract. (Fatehi et al. 2004, J Ethnopharmacol)

Isolated guinea-pig tissue; anesthetized rats. No human participants.

At 3 mg/mL the extract cut spontaneous ileum contractions to 54% of control and relaxed tissue contracted by acetylcholine, histamine or potassium chloride; the extract (0.3 to 2.2 mg/100 g body weight) lowered mean arterial pressure in rats. Tissue and animal results only.

6
Dietary Asafoetida and Pancreatic Enzymes in Rats (animal study)
PubMed

Rat feeding study of pancreatic digestive enzymes comparing several spices or their active compounds, each given in the diet for 8 weeks or as a single oral dose. (Platel et al. 2000, Nahrung)

Albino rats; asafoetida at 250 mg% of the diet. No human participants.

Dietary asafoetida raised pancreatic lipase and amylase activity, and chymotrypsin was raised by all test spices except mustard; a single oral dose did not produce these changes. Animal results only.

Side effects and drug interactions

Common Potential side effects

Infants: do not give asafoetida remedies to babies. Two case reports describe infants, a 5-week-old and a 3-month-old given asafoetida for colic, who developed methemoglobinemia, a loss of the blood's ability to carry oxygen; the second case was life-threatening.
In two short trials of a fenugreek-fiber formulation (250 to 500 mg a day for 14 or 30 days), no adverse events were reported and blood counts and liver and kidney tests showed no safety issues; 7 people in the 14-day trial noticed the taste.
A review notes that large intakes can cause mouth swelling, gas, diarrhea, anxiety and headache.
Pregnancy: reviews record traditional use of asafoetida to cause abortion and note that a resin extract prevented pregnancy in rats, and one review states it should not be taken in pregnancy. Avoid supplemental doses when pregnant.
Gluten: compounded hing powder may be cut with cereal flour, since Indian standards allow gum arabic, edible starches or edible cereal flour. If you avoid gluten, check the label for wheat.
Human trials lasted 2 weeks to 3 months, so the safety of long-term supplement use is unknown.

Important Drug interactions

Warfarin and other blood thinners: a pharmacy review lists asafoetida among herbs that may raise bleeding risk or add to warfarin's effect, a list the review says rests mostly on lab, animal and case data rather than human studies. Ask a clinician before using supplemental doses.
Blood pressure medicines: a gum extract lowered blood pressure in anesthetized rats; whether oral asafoetida does this in people is unknown.

Standardized & branded forms of Asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida)

Trademarked forms of Asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida) with their own profiles on NutraSmarts. Results from one branded form do not automatically carry over to another, so check each profile for the studies run on that specific product:

Gut Health
Asafin® (Asafoetida + FenuMat® for Gut Health — Akay Bioactives)
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Frequently asked questions about Asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida)

Is the hing in my spice jar the same as the asafoetida used in studies?

Usually not. Most jarred hing is compounded, meaning the resin is blended with gum arabic, starch or cereal flour, so a spoonful holds only part resin. The indigestion trials used Asafin, asafoetida resin bound to fenugreek fiber; in the 30-day trial each 250 mg capsule was standardized to about 90 mg of asafoetida gum. If you avoid gluten, check the label for wheat flour.

Can asafoetida be given to babies?

No. Asafoetida is used as a folk remedy for colic in babies, but two case reports describe infants of 5 weeks and 3 months who developed methemoglobinemia, a dangerous loss of the blood's oxygen-carrying ability, after such remedies; the second case was life-threatening. Infants are more vulnerable to this reaction than adults.

Did the older German bowel trials test the kitchen spice?

Probably not. A German trial from 1976 tested asafoetida as a 0.1% alcoholic dilution, and a Cochrane review of homeopathy classes the asafoetida in that trial and a 1979 trial as a homeopathic remedy. Pooled, the two small placebo-controlled trials showed more people feeling better at two weeks than with placebo, but the review rated the evidence very low certainty. These results do not apply to the kitchen resin or to supplement capsules.

How does a pinch of hing in cooking compare with the trial amounts?

The indigestion trials gave 250 to 500 mg a day of a fenugreek-fiber formulation (about 180 mg of asafoetida gum a day in the 30-day trial), and one small trial gave 1 g a day of plain resin in capsules. Kitchen hing is usually cut with flour or starch, and no study cited here measured how much resin a cook actually eats, so food use cannot be matched to the trial doses.

What is Asafoetida?

Asafoetida, known as hing in India, is the dried oleo-gum resin tapped from the roots of Ferula assa-foetida, a giant fennel (Apiaceae). A small pinch flavors South Asian cooking, and the resin has a long traditional use as a digestive aid.

What is Asafoetida used for?

Asafoetida is researched primarily for Gut Health. In 48 randomized adults with moderate to severe functional dyspepsia (43 analyzed), Asafin, a capsule of asafoetida resin bound to fenugreek fiber (250 mg twice daily, about 180 mg of asafoetida gum a day), lowered three digestive symptom s…

What is the recommended dosage of Asafoetida?

The clinically studied dose is 250 mg twice daily (about 180 mg asafoetida gum a day) for 30 days, or 250 mg once daily (up to 2 a day) for 14 days, of a fenugreek-fiber asafoetida formulation; 1 g/day of resin for two 21-day cycles; 100 mg of distilled Ferula essence twice daily for 3 mont… Always follow the product label and check with a healthcare provider for personal advice.

Is Asafoetida safe, and does it have side effects?

Side effects and cautions reported for Asafoetida include: Infants: do not give asafoetida remedies to babies. Two case reports describe infants, a 5-week-old and a 3-month-old given asafoetida for colic, who developed methemoglobinemia, a loss of the blood's ability to carry oxygen; the second case was life-threatening. It may also interact with some medications. Asafoetida is not right for everyone, so check with a healthcare provider first if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, have a medical condition, or take prescription medication.

Does Asafoetida interact with any medications?

Possible interactions include: Warfarin and other blood thinners: a pharmacy review lists asafoetida among herbs that may raise bleeding risk or add to warfarin's effect, a list the review says rests mostly on lab, animal and case data rather than human studies. Ask a clinician before using supplemental doses. If you take prescription medication, check with a pharmacist or doctor before using it.

How strong is the scientific evidence for Asafoetida?

NutraSmarts rates the evidence for Asafoetida as Limited (2 out of 5). It is backed by 6 study summaries and 17 cited references summarized on this page. A higher rating reflects more, larger, and better-designed human studies.

References(17 citations)

Evidence ratings on NutraSmarts are based on the totality of human clinical research, with emphasis on randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. The references below directly support claims made throughout this page.

  1. Mala KN, Thomas J, Syam DS, Maliakel B, Krishnakumar IM. Safety and Efficacy of Ferula asafoetida in Functional Dyspepsia: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018;2018:4813601. doi: 10.1155/2018/4813601.PubMedUsed to support: Maker-funded, double-blind trial in 48 randomized adults with functional dyspepsia (43 analyzed): an asafoetida formulation bound to fenugreek fiber (250 mg twice daily, about 90 mg asafoetida gum per capsule) for 30 days lowered GSRS, GDSS and NDI symptom scores more than placebo; 66% were symptom-free at the end, with no adverse events. Retrospectively registered; 3 of 5 authors from the maker.
  2. Das S S, Rm V, Aneesa PA, Joy Parappilly S, Natinga Mulakal J, Chakrapani Ps B, Illathu Madhavamenon K. Ferula asafoetida oleo-gum resin alleviates dyspepsia symptoms through modulation of microbiome-gut-brain axis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025;104(40):e44590. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000044590.PubMedUsed to support: Double-blind trial in 62 adults with functional dyspepsia symptoms (56 finished): the same maker's formulation, 250 mg a day for 14 days, reduced early satiety, bloating and belching more than placebo over time; the treatment by time result for heartburn was not significant in the paper's table (p = 0.161) despite the abstract. Secondary changes in stool form, gut bacteria, sleep scores and reaction time. Funded by the maker, Akay Natural Ingredients; 3 of 7 authors associated with the company.
  3. Ghavi F, Shakeri F, Abdolahian S. "Ferula assa-foetida L" or "Foeniculum vulgare"? Which one is more effective in the management of polycystic ovarian syndrome? A randomized, placebo controlled, triple-blinded. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2023;13(3):280-289. doi: 10.22038/AJP.2022.21389.PubMedUsed to support: Triple-blind trial in 43 young women with polycystic ovary syndrome who finished: 100 mg of distilled Ferula essence twice daily for 3 months did not change BMI, hair-growth score or cycle length versus placebo; follicle counts, DHEAS and TSH changed more than on placebo.
  4. Dehparvar N, Garshasbi A, Niasari-Naslaji A, Alijaniha F, Gholami-Fesharaki M, Ghaffari F, Naseri M. A preliminary report comparing the effect of Asafoetida with oral contraceptive on polycystic ovarian syndrome in a double-blind randomized trial. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2024;14(3):278-288. doi: 10.22038/AJP.2023.23122.PubMedUsed to support: Double-blind trial in 30 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (28 analyzed): 1 g a day of asafoetida resin for two 21-day cycles was followed by longer-lasting regular cycles and more pregnancies within 8 months than a low-dose contraceptive pill. No placebo arm; group assignment considered age and BMI.
  5. Báez G, Vargas C, Arancibia M, Papuzinski C, Franco JV. Non-Chinese herbal medicines for functional dyspepsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;6(6):CD013323. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013323.pub2.PubMedUsed to support: Cochrane review of non-Chinese herbal medicines for functional dyspepsia: for Ferula asafoetida it found one study (43 participants) showing improved symptoms versus placebo (SMD -1.51, 95% CI -2.20 to -0.83), rated low-certainty evidence.
  6. Peckham EJ, Cooper K, Roberts ER, Agrawal A, Brabyn S, Tew G. Homeopathy for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;9(9):CD009710. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009710.pub3.PubMedUsed to support: Cochrane review of homeopathy for irritable bowel syndrome: two small trials of the homeopathic remedy asafoetida versus placebo in constipation-type IBS reported global improvement at two weeks in 73% versus 45% (RR 1.61), rated very low certainty; the authors concluded no firm conclusions can be drawn. These were homeopathic preparations, not the culinary resin.
  7. Rahlfs VW, Mössinger P. [Asa foetida in the treatment of the irritable colon: a double-blind trial (author's transl)]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1979;104(4):140-3. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1103859.PubMedUsed to support: German double-blind trial in two groups of 50 patients with irritable colon (91 evaluated) reporting that asa foetida was effective at the 1% significance level. A Cochrane review of homeopathy for irritable bowel syndrome lists this trial and treats asafoetida in these trials as a homeopathic remedy; only the English abstract was read. A 2012 pharmacology review instead describes the test product as an ethanol extract of the resin.
  8. Kelly KJ, Neu J, Camitta BM, Honig GR. Methemoglobinemia in an infant treated with the folk remedy glycerited asafoetida. Pediatrics. 1984;73(5):717-9..PubMedUsed to support: Case report of methemoglobinemia in an infant treated with glycerited asafoetida as a folk remedy. PubMed lists no abstract; a later review describes the infant as 5 weeks old and treated for colic.
  9. Al-Qahtani S, Abusham S, Alhelali I. Severe Methemoglobinemia Secondary to Ferula asafoetida Ingestion in an Infant: A Case Report. Saudi J Med Med Sci. 2020;8(1):56-59. doi: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_5_18.PubMedUsed to support: Case report of life-threatening methemoglobinemia in a 3-month-old boy given Ferula asafoetida gum resin for colic, treated with high-flow oxygen; the authors call it the second reported case and advise against asafoetida remedies in infants.
  10. Fatehi M, Farifteh F, Fatehi-Hassanabad Z. Antispasmodic and hypotensive effects of Ferula asafoetida gum extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;91(2-3):321-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.01.002.PubMedUsed to support: Lab and animal study: a Ferula asafoetida gum extract reduced spontaneous contractions of isolated guinea-pig ileum to 54% of control, relaxed ileum contracted by acetylcholine, histamine or potassium chloride, and lowered blood pressure in anesthetized rats.
  11. Platel K, Srinivasan K. Influence of dietary spices and their active principles on pancreatic digestive enzymes in albino rats. Nahrung. 2000;44(1):42-6. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3803(20000101)44:1<42::AID-FOOD42>3.0.CO;2-D.PubMedUsed to support: Rat study: 8 weeks of dietary asafoetida (250 mg%) increased pancreatic lipase and amylase activity, while a single oral dose did not change the enzymes. Animal data.
  12. Amalraj A, Gopi S. Biological activities and medicinal properties of Asafoetida: A review. J Tradit Complement Med. 2017;7(3):347-359. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.11.004.PubMedUsed to support: Review of asafoetida: the oleo-gum resin is about 40 to 64% resin (ferulic acid and its esters, coumarins, sesquiterpene coumarins), 25% gum and 10 to 17% essential oil with sulfur compounds; reports the infant methemoglobinemia case, side effects of large doses (mouth swelling, flatulence, diarrhea, anxiety, headache) and states intake is prohibited in pregnancy.
  13. Mahendra P, Bisht S. Ferula asafoetida: Traditional uses and pharmacological activity. Pharmacogn Rev. 2012;6(12):141-6. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.99948.PubMedUsed to support: Review of traditional uses and pharmacology: describes the volatile oil as mainly disulfides, records traditional abortifacient use, reports that a methanol resin extract prevented pregnancy in 80% of rats at 400 mg/kg, and notes that asafoetida may enhance the activity of warfarin.
  14. Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Lukes AL. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000;57(13):1221-7; quiz 1228-30..PubMedUsed to support: Pharmacy review listing asafoetida among herbal products that may potentially increase bleeding risk or potentiate warfarin; notes the evidence for herb-warfarin interactions is mostly in vitro, animal or case data.
  15. US Food and Drug Administration (Code of Federal Regulations), 2026. 21 CFR 182.20 Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates). Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR). 2026;Title 21, Part 182, Section 182.20 (accessed 2026)..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed. US regulation listing asafetida (Ferula assa-foetida L. and related species of Ferula) among essential oils, oleoresins and natural extractives generally recognized as safe for their intended use in food. Food-flavoring status, not a finding about supplement doses.
  16. National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), 2022. FSSAI regulations for asafoetida. NIFTEM PMFME training material. 2022;Summary of Food Safety and Standards Authority of India standards for asafoetida (accessed 2026)..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed. Training document restating Indian (FSSAI) standards: compounded asafoetida (bandhani hing) is composed of one or more varieties of asafoetida and gum arabic, edible starches or edible cereal flour, and must not contain foreign resins or coal tar dyes; raw asafoetida may contain no more than 1% starch.
  17. Rahlfs VW, Mössinger P. [Treatment of irritable colon. A multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind study in general practice]. Arzneimittelforschung. 1976;26(12):2230-4..PubMedUsed to support: German multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind trial in irritable colon of asa foetida as a 0.1% alcoholic dilution, and of asa foetida with nux vomica as a 0.01% alcoholic dilution: both active groups did better than placebo, but the differences just missed the 5% significance level, with only about half the planned patients reached. A Cochrane review of homeopathy classes the asafoetida trials from 1976 and 1979 as homeopathic remedies; only the English abstract was read.