Home Ingredients Orange Fruit and Juice (Citrus sinensis)
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Orange Fruit and Juice (Citrus sinensis)

Citrus sinensis
Evidence Level
Limited
8 Clinical Trials
6 Documented Benefits
2/5 Evidence Score

Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) is eaten as whole fruit or drunk as 100% juice. In USDA data, one medium orange supplies about 70 mg of vitamin C plus folate, potassium and about 3 g of fiber, while a cup of fresh juice supplies more vitamin C and potassium but only about half a gram of fiber and about 21 g of sugars. Orange juice is also a main food source of the citrus flavanone hesperidin. Most research tested 100% juice, and much of it was funded by the citrus or juice industry. Small controlled trials found lower blood pressure with 500 mL a day and better cognitive test scores in healthy older adults, while a 6-week trial found no change in blood vessel function. The cholesterol studies had no randomized control group. Orange juice can lower the absorption of some medicines, such as fexofenadine. Blood orange extracts and bitter orange have their own pages.

Studied Dose 100% orange juice at 300 to 500 mL a day for 4 to 12 weeks (500 mL supplied about 290 to 345 mg hesperidin); 750 mL a day in uncontrolled lipid studies; single 240 to 300 mL servings in same-day tests. Whole fruit: one medium orange (131 g).
Active Compound Whole sweet orange fruit or 100% orange juice, supplying vitamin C, folate, potassium, natural sugars (the fruit also fiber) and the flavanone hesperidin (hesperetin 7-O-rutinoside), absorbed as hesperetin metabolites.

Benefits

Blood pressure with daily orange juice

In 24 overweight men aged 50 to 65, 500 mL a day of orange juice for 4 weeks gave lower diastolic blood pressure than a sugar-matched control drink. In 159 adults with mildly raised blood pressure, 500 mL a day for 12 weeks lowered systolic pressure about 5 mmHg more than a control drink at weeks 4 and 12. The Florida Department of Citrus funded both trials.

Supported by Trial 2, Trial 1

Blood vessel function

In the 24-man trial, orange juice improved small-vessel reactivity measured after a drink, at peak blood hesperetin, but not when measured after an overnight fast. A later 6-week crossover in 37 centrally overweight men found that 330 mL a day of 100% orange juice did not change fasting or post-meal flow-mediated dilation, its main outcome, compared with a control drink.

Supported by Trial 1, Trial 3

Cognitive performance in healthy older and middle-aged adults

In a crossover trial of 37 healthy adults with an average age of 67, 8 weeks of 500 mL a day of flavanone-rich 100% orange juice gave better global cognitive scores than a calorie-matched, low-flavanone orange cordial; mood and blood pressure did not change. In a PepsiCo-funded single-dose study in middle-aged men, juice with added orange pomace improved executive function and psychomotor speed over 6 hours.

Supported by Trial 4, Trial 5

Blood sugar response to juice, whole fruit and sugary drinks

In 15 adults with well-controlled type 2 diabetes, 250 mL of 100% orange juice, whole orange pieces or a sugary orange drink with the same sugar, each with breakfast, gave similar glucose and insulin responses. In 36 healthy adults, juice gave a lower glucose response per gram of carbohydrate than an orange soda. These were single-day tests, and juice still raises blood sugar.

Supported by Trial 7, Trial 6

Cholesterol and triglycerides

None of these lipid studies randomized people to a control drink. In 14 adults with high cholesterol, 750 mL a day for 60 days lowered LDL cholesterol from 160 to 141 mg/dL, with no change in adults with normal cholesterol. In 25 adults with high cholesterol, 750 mL a day raised HDL cholesterol 21% but also raised triglycerides 30%. In 10 women, 300 mL a day lowered LDL 16%.

Supported by Trial 8, Trial 1

Source of vitamin C, folate and potassium

USDA data list about 70 mg of vitamin C, 39 mcg of folate, 237 mg of potassium and 3.1 g of fiber in one medium orange (131 g). One cup (248 g) of fresh orange juice has about 124 mg of vitamin C, 74 mcg of folate and 496 mg of potassium, but only 0.5 g of fiber and about 21 g of sugars, compared with about 12 g in the orange.

Supported by Trial 5, Trial 1

Mechanism of action

1

Hesperidin as a likely active compound

Orange juice is a main food source of hesperidin, which the body absorbs as hesperetin metabolites. In one crossover trial, hesperidin capsules taken with a control drink lowered diastolic blood pressure versus placebo, as the juice did, and most of the white-cell genes changed by hesperidin (1,582 of 1,819) were also changed by juice. In another, juice and capsules gave similar hesperetin exposure, with wide differences between people, but neither changed vessel function.

2

Fruit matrix and fiber

Whole oranges keep their fiber (about 2.4 g per 100 g in USDA data), while juice keeps little (0.2 g). In a crossover trial in healthy young men, 100% juice gave a lower glucose peak than a drink with the same sugar but no fruit matrix, although the overall glucose response did not differ significantly, suggesting juice solids slow the early rise.

3

Gut uptake transporters and drug absorption

In cell studies, orange, grapefruit and apple juices strongly inhibited OATP transporters, which help carry some drugs from the gut into the blood, and were less potent against the P-glycoprotein efflux pump. This is the proposed reason orange juice lowered blood levels of the antihistamine fexofenadine in volunteers.

Clinical trials

1
Orange Juice vs Control Drink and Blood Pressure: 4-Week Crossover RCT in 24 Men
PubMed

Randomized, controlled three-period crossover: 500 mL a day of orange juice from concentrate (292 mg hesperidin), a sugar-matched control drink plus hesperidin capsules, or the control drink plus placebo capsules, 4 weeks each; the capsule arms were double-blind and the juice arm was open. Registered NCT00983086; the companion paper reports support from the Florida Department of Citrus, which supplied the juice. (Morand et al. 2011, Am J Clin Nutr)

24 healthy, moderately overweight men aged 50 to 65.

Diastolic blood pressure was lower after 4 weeks of orange juice or hesperidin than after the control drink with placebo (P = 0.02). Small-vessel endothelial reactivity did not change when measured after an overnight fast, but improved versus control when measured after a drink, at peak blood hesperetin (P < 0.05).

2
Orange Juice and Blood Pressure: 12-Week Placebo-Controlled RCT in 159 Adults
PubMed

Randomized, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Citrus study, NCT02479568): 500 mL a day of a control drink, orange juice (345 mg hesperidin a day) or hesperidin-enriched orange juice (600 mg a day) for 12 weeks. The Florida Department of Citrus provided a grant and the study drinks. (Valls et al. 2021, Eur J Nutr)

159 adults aged 18 to 65 with pre- or stage 1 hypertension, not taking blood pressure medicine; 129 completed.

Compared with the control drink, systolic blood pressure was lower with orange juice at weeks 4 and 12 (by 5.6 and 5.1 mmHg; borderline at week 8) and with the enriched juice at most visits. Systolic and pulse pressure fell in step with the hesperidin content of the drinks. Diastolic pressure fell similarly in all three groups. Both juices lowered homocysteine versus control.

3
Orange Juice for 6 Weeks and Flow-Mediated Dilation: Crossover RCT in 37 Men
PubMed

Randomized, double-blind, controlled three-period crossover: 330 mL a day of 100% orange juice, an isoenergetic control drink, or the control drink with 210 mg hesperidin a day, 6 weeks each, plus a high-fat meal test. Registered NCT04731987, which lists the European Fruit Juice Association (AIJN) as a collaborator. (Gilcher et al. 2026, Food Funct)

37 centrally overweight men.

Neither orange juice nor hesperidin changed fasting or post-meal flow-mediated dilation, the primary outcome, or other vascular, metabolic or body measures versus the control drink. Blood hesperetin metabolite exposure was similar after juice and after hesperidin, with wide variation between people.

4
Flavanone-Rich Orange Juice and Cognition: 8-Week Crossover RCT in Older Adults
PubMed

Randomized, double-blind crossover: 500 mL a day of high-flavanone (305 mg) 100% orange juice or an equicaloric low-flavanone (37 mg) orange-flavored cordial for 8 weeks each, separated by a 4-week washout. Grants listed in Europe PMC are from the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. (Kean et al. 2015, Am J Clin Nutr)

37 healthy older adults, mean age 67.

Global cognitive function was significantly better after the juice period than after the control period. Mood and blood pressure did not change. The abstract does not give effect sizes for individual tests.

5
Orange Juice with Added Pomace and Same-Day Cognition: Crossover RCT
PubMed

Randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced crossover with two test days 2 weeks apart: 240 mL of Tropicana orange juice with 5.5 g of added orange pomace fiber (272 mg flavonoids) or a placebo drink matched for energy and sugars. Funded by PepsiCo, which employed two of the authors. (Alharbi et al. 2016, Eur J Nutr)

24 healthy men aged 30 to 65 recruited (two withdrew).

Over 6 hours, performance on tests of executive function and psychomotor speed changed more favorably after the juice drink than after placebo, and self-rated alertness was higher. Not every one of the eight cognitive tests improved. The drink was juice fortified with pomace, not plain juice.

6
100% Orange Juice vs Orange Soda vs Water: Glucose and Food Intake in 36 Adults
PubMed

Randomized-order crossover with test days at least 5 days apart: 240 mL of 100% orange juice, an orange soda or water, followed 60 minutes later by a pizza lunch. Funded by the Florida Department of Citrus. (Robayo et al. 2024, Nutrients)

36 normal-weight adults, mean age about 27.

Blood glucose response adjusted for carbohydrate was lower after juice than after the orange soda (p < 0.001), and rest-of-day glucose on a continuous monitor was lower after juice than after the soda or water. Total daily energy intake was lower after juice than after the soda (p = 0.01); appetite ratings did not differ. A single-day test.

7
Orange Juice, Whole Orange or Sugary Drink with Breakfast: Crossover RCT
PubMed

Randomized crossover: a standardized high-carbohydrate breakfast served with 250 mL of 100% orange juice, whole orange pieces, or a sugar-sweetened orange-flavored drink with identical total sugar, followed for 4 hours. Funded by a grant from the Fruit Juice Science Center; one author reported consultancy fees from the European Fruit Juice Association. (Verboven et al. 2025, Nutr Diabetes)

15 adults with well-controlled type 2 diabetes, mean age 60, HbA1c 6.6%.

Glucose and insulin responses (total and incremental area under the curve, and peak values) did not differ significantly between orange juice, whole orange pieces and the sugar-sweetened drink. Capillary glucose also did not differ.

8
Orange Juice Concentrate and LDL Cholesterol: 60-Day Controlled Study
PubMed

Controlled trial (the abstract does not describe randomization): 750 mL a day of orange juice concentrate diluted 1:6 with water for 60 days, with a small comparison group that drank no orange juice. (Cesar et al. 2010, Nutr Res)

14 adults with high cholesterol and 31 with normal cholesterol drinking juice; 8 controls.

LDL cholesterol fell from 160 to 141 mg/dL in the high-cholesterol group but not in the normal-cholesterol group; HDL cholesterol and triglycerides did not change. Plasma lipids were unchanged in controls. The abstract reports within-group changes, not a statistical test against the control group.

Side effects and drug interactions

Common Potential side effects

Juice is a concentrated source of sugar with little fiber: in USDA data one cup (248 g) of fresh orange juice has about 21 g of sugars, 112 kcal and 0.5 g of fiber, while one medium orange has about 12 g of sugars, 62 kcal and 3.1 g of fiber.
In an uncontrolled study of adults with high cholesterol, 750 mL a day for 4 weeks raised triglycerides by 30% alongside the rise in HDL cholesterol.
One cup of orange juice supplies about 496 mg of potassium; people told by a doctor to limit potassium should count it.

Important Drug interactions

Fexofenadine (Allegra): in 10 volunteers, drinking 1.2 L of orange juice over 3 hours with a 120 mg dose cut fexofenadine blood levels to 30 to 40% of those with water. The Children's Allegra Drug Facts label says not to take it with fruit juices.
Celiprolol (a beta blocker): in 10 volunteers, orange juice lowered the drug's peak blood level by 89% and total exposure by 83%, although blood pressure and heart rate did not differ in these healthy young people.
Many medicines carry grapefruit warnings. The sweet orange juice interactions cited here are different: they lower the absorption of specific drugs rather than raising drug levels. Bitter (Seville) orange is a different species with its own page. Ask a pharmacist about any medicine with a juice or citrus warning.
Blood pressure medicine: the 12-week orange juice blood pressure trial excluded people taking it, so combined use was not tested.

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Frequently asked questions about Orange Fruit and Juice (Citrus sinensis)

Is drinking orange juice the same as eating an orange?

Not quite. In USDA data, a cup of fresh juice has more vitamin C and potassium than one medium orange, but about 21 g of sugars and 0.5 g of fiber versus about 12 g of sugars and 3.1 g of fiber in the orange. In single-meal tests the differences were smaller than expected: with breakfast, juice, whole orange pieces and a sugary drink with the same sugar gave similar blood sugar responses, and in young men juice gave a lower glucose peak than a drink with the same sugar but no fruit solids.

How much hesperidin is in orange juice?

It varies by juice. The juice in one French trial supplied 292 mg of hesperidin per 500 mL, and the juice in a Spanish trial 690 mg per liter, about 345 mg per 500 mL. A 6-week trial found that blood levels of hesperetin metabolites were similar after 330 mL of juice and after a 210 mg hesperidin drink. See the hesperidin page for trials of the isolated compound.

Does orange juice interact with medicines the way grapefruit juice does?

It has its own documented interactions. In volunteer studies, orange juice cut blood levels of the antihistamine fexofenadine to 30 to 40% of those with water and lowered exposure to the beta blocker celiprolol by 83%, and fexofenadine Drug Facts labels say not to take it with fruit juices. These interactions lower drug absorption. Bitter (Seville) orange is a different species. Ask a pharmacist about any medicine with a citrus or juice warning.

Can orange juice support memory and thinking?

Two small trials from one UK university group suggest a short-term effect. In 37 healthy older adults, 8 weeks of flavanone-rich orange juice gave better overall cognitive scores than a calorie-matched orange cordial, and in middle-aged men a single PepsiCo-funded juice drink with added orange pomace improved executive function and psychomotor speed for several hours. Neither tested long-term effects on brain aging.

What is Orange Fruit and Juice?

Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) is eaten as whole fruit or drunk as 100% juice. In USDA data, one medium orange supplies about 70 mg of vitamin C plus folate, potassium and about 3 g of fiber, while a cup of fresh juice supplies more vitamin C and potassium but only about half a gram of fiber and about 21 g of sugars.

What is Orange Fruit and Juice used for?

Orange Fruit and Juice is researched primarily for Cardiovascular and Cognitive. In 24 overweight men aged 50 to 65, 500 mL a day of orange juice for 4 weeks gave lower diastolic blood pressure than a sugar-matched control drink.

What is the recommended dosage of Orange Fruit and Juice?

The clinically studied dose is 100% orange juice at 300 to 500 mL a day for 4 to 12 weeks (500 mL supplied about 290 to 345 mg hesperidin); 750 mL a day in uncontrolled lipid studies; single 240 to 300 mL servings in same-day tests. Whole fruit: one medium orange (131 g). Always follow the product label and check with a healthcare provider for personal advice.

Is Orange Fruit and Juice safe, and does it have side effects?

Side effects and cautions reported for Orange Fruit and Juice include: Juice is a concentrated source of sugar with little fiber: in USDA data one cup (248 g) of fresh orange juice has about 21 g of sugars, 112 kcal and 0.5 g of fiber, while one medium orange has about 12 g of sugars, 62 kcal and 3.1 g of fiber. It may also interact with some medications. Orange Fruit and Juice is not right for everyone, so check with a healthcare provider first if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, have a medical condition, or take prescription medication.

Does Orange Fruit and Juice interact with any medications?

Possible interactions include: Fexofenadine (Allegra): in 10 volunteers, drinking 1.2 L of orange juice over 3 hours with a 120 mg dose cut fexofenadine blood levels to 30 to 40% of those with water. The Children's Allegra Drug Facts label says not to take it with fruit juices. If you take prescription medication, check with a pharmacist or doctor before using it.

How strong is the scientific evidence for Orange Fruit and Juice?

NutraSmarts rates the evidence for Orange Fruit and Juice as Limited (2 out of 5). It is backed by 8 study summaries and 16 cited references summarized on this page. A higher rating reflects more, larger, and better-designed human studies.

References(16 citations)

Evidence ratings on NutraSmarts are based on the totality of human clinical research, with emphasis on randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. The references below directly support claims made throughout this page.

  1. Morand C, Dubray C, Milenkovic D, Lioger D, Martin JF, Scalbert A, Mazur A. Hesperidin contributes to the vascular protective effects of orange juice: a randomized crossover study in healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(1):73-80. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.004945.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized, controlled crossover trial (NCT00983086) in 24 healthy, moderately overweight men aged 50 to 65: three 4-week periods of 500 mL a day of orange juice, a control drink plus hesperidin, or a control drink plus placebo. Diastolic blood pressure was lower after orange juice or the hesperidin drink than after the placebo drink (P = 0.02). Fasting microvascular endothelial reactivity did not change; reactivity measured after a drink, at peak plasma hesperetin, improved versus placebo (P < 0.05).
  2. Milenkovic D, Deval C, Dubray C, Mazur A, Morand C. Hesperidin displays relevant role in the nutrigenomic effect of orange juice on blood leukocytes in human volunteers: a randomized controlled cross-over study. PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e26669. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026669.PubMedUsed to support: Companion analysis of the same crossover trial in 10 of the men. States that the orange juice from concentrate was provided by the Florida Department of Citrus and supplied 292 mg hesperidin per 500 mL, that the control drink was sugar-matched and isocaloric, that the juice arm was open and the capsule arms double-blind, and that the work was supported by the Florida Department of Citrus. Juice changed the expression of 3,422 white-cell genes and hesperidin 1,819, with 1,582 in common.
  3. Valls RM, Pedret A, Calderón-Pérez L, Llauradó E, Pla-Pagà L, Companys J, Moragas A, Martín-Luján F, Ortega Y, Giralt M, Romeu M, Rubió L, Mayneris-Perxachs J, Canela N, Puiggrós F, Caimari A, Del Bas JM, Arola L, Solà R. Effects of hesperidin in orange juice on blood and pulse pressures in mildly hypertensive individuals: a randomized controlled trial (Citrus study). Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(3):1277-1288. doi: 10.1007/s00394-020-02279-0.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Citrus study, NCT02479568) in 159 adults with pre- or stage 1 hypertension who were not on blood pressure medicine (129 completed): 500 mL a day of a control drink, orange juice (690 mg hesperidin per liter) or hesperidin-enriched orange juice for 12 weeks. Versus the control drink, systolic pressure was lower with orange juice at weeks 4 and 12 (-5.58 and -5.06 mmHg); systolic and pulse pressure fell with hesperidin dose; both juices lowered homocysteine. The Florida Department of Citrus provided a grant and the drinks.
  4. Gilcher C, Milenkovic D, Taillandier M, Ruskovska T, Steingass CB, Macian N, Verny MA, Evrard R, Pereira B, Gladine C, Schweiggert R, Pickering G, Morand C. Orange juice and hesperidin increase flavanone exposure without detectable short-term vascular benefits: a randomized crossover trial. Food Funct. 2026;17(17):7651-7669. doi: 10.1039/d6fo02778d.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized, double-blind, controlled three-period crossover in 37 centrally overweight men: 6 weeks each of 330 mL a day of 100% orange juice, an isoenergetic control drink, or a control drink with 210 mg a day of hesperidin. Neither juice nor hesperidin changed fasting or postprandial flow-mediated dilation (primary outcome) or vascular, metabolic or body measures versus control; hesperetin metabolite exposure was similar after juice and hesperidin, with marked variation between people. The registration (NCT04731987) lists the European Fruit Juice Association as a collaborator.
  5. Kean RJ, Lamport DJ, Dodd GF, Freeman JE, Williams CM, Ellis JA, Butler LT, Spencer JP. Chronic consumption of flavanone-rich orange juice is associated with cognitive benefits: an 8-wk, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(3):506-14. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.088518.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized, double-blind crossover trial in 37 healthy older adults (mean age 67): 500 mL a day of high-flavanone (305 mg) 100% orange juice versus an equicaloric low-flavanone (37 mg) orange-flavored cordial for 8 weeks each with a 4-week washout. Global cognitive function was significantly better after the juice; mood and blood pressure did not change.
  6. Alharbi MH, Lamport DJ, Dodd GF, Saunders C, Harkness L, Butler LT, Spencer JP. Flavonoid-rich orange juice is associated with acute improvements in cognitive function in healthy middle-aged males. Eur J Nutr. 2016;55(6):2021-9. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-1016-9.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced crossover in healthy men aged 30 to 65: 240 mL of flavonoid-rich drink (Tropicana orange juice with 5.5 g added orange pomace, 272 mg flavonoids) versus a calorie-matched placebo. Executive function, psychomotor speed and subjective alertness were better over 6 hours after the juice drink. Funded by PepsiCo, which employed two authors.
  7. Robayo S, Kucab M, Walker SE, Suitor K, D'Aversa K, Morello O, Bellissimo N. Effect of 100% Orange Juice and a Volume-Matched Sugar-Sweetened Drink on Subjective Appetite, Food Intake, and Glycemic Response in Adults. Nutrients. 2024;16(2):242. doi: 10.3390/nu16020242.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized-order crossover in 36 normal-weight adults: 240 mL of 100% orange juice, an orange soda or water before a pizza lunch. Carbohydrate-adjusted glucose response was lower after juice than after the soda (p < 0.001); rest-of-day glucose was lower after juice than after the soda (p = 0.03) or water (p < 0.001); total daily energy intake was lower after juice than after the soda (p = 0.01). Funded by the Florida Department of Citrus.
  8. Verboven K, Van Ryckeghem L, Schweiggert R, Steingass CB, Gojevic T, Ruxton CHS, Hansen D. Acute glycaemic response of orange juice consumption with breakfast in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over trial. Nutr Diabetes. 2025;15(1):31. doi: 10.1038/s41387-025-00385-8.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized crossover in 15 adults with well-controlled type 2 diabetes: a standardized breakfast with 250 mL of 100% orange juice, whole orange pieces or a sugar-sweetened orange-flavored drink with identical total sugar gave no significant differences in glucose or insulin responses over 4 hours. Funded by the Fruit Juice Science Center; one author reported consultancy fees from the European Fruit Juice Association.
  9. García-Conesa MT, García-Villalba R, Frutos-Lisón MD, García CJ, Marhuenda J, Zafrilla P, Tudela JA, Arráez MR, Williamson G, Ruxton C, Tomás-Barberán FA. Impact of the orange juice fruit matrix on postprandial glycemia: a crossover randomized trial in healthy young men with post hoc analysis of interindividual response variability. Food Funct. 2026;17(5):2292-2310. doi: 10.1039/d5fo04536c.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized crossover in healthy young men: 300 mL of 100% orange juice versus sugar-matched drinks with reduced (50%) or no (0%) fruit matrix and a 25 g glucose control. The incremental glucose area did not differ significantly between 100% and 0% juice, but 100% juice lowered the glucose peak versus 0% juice and the 15-minute glucose versus both, with high variation between people.
  10. Cesar TB, Aptekmann NP, Araujo MP, Vinagre CC, Maranhão RC. Orange juice decreases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic subjects and improves lipid transfer to high-density lipoprotein in normal and hypercholesterolemic subjects. Nutr Res. 2010;30(10):689-94. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.09.006.PubMedUsed to support: Controlled trial (randomization not described in the abstract): 14 adults with high cholesterol and 31 with normal cholesterol drank 750 mL a day of diluted orange juice concentrate for 60 days, and 8 controls drank none. LDL cholesterol fell in the high-cholesterol group (160 to 141 mg/dL) but not the normal group; HDL and triglycerides did not change; controls were unchanged.
  11. Fidélix M, Milenkovic D, Sivieri K, Cesar T. Microbiota modulation and effects on metabolic biomarkers by orange juice: a controlled clinical trial. Food Funct. 2020;11(2):1599-1610. doi: 10.1039/c9fo02623a.PubMedUsed to support: Single-group time-series study in 10 women (no separate control group): 30 days without orange juice, 60 days with 300 mL a day, then 30 days without. After the juice period glucose fell 6.5%, insulin 33%, insulin resistance 44%, LDL cholesterol 16% and triglycerides 30%, returning to baseline after washout; gut Lactobacillus, Akkermansia and Ruminococcus increased; body weight did not change.
  12. Kurowska EM, Spence JD, Jordan J, Wetmore S, Freeman DJ, Piché LA, Serratore P. HDL-cholesterol-raising effect of orange juice in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(5):1095-100. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1095.PubMedUsed to support: Uncontrolled sequential study in 25 adults with high cholesterol: 250, 500 and then 750 mL a day of orange juice for 4 weeks each. Only 750 mL a day changed lipids, raising HDL cholesterol 21% but also triglycerides 30% and lowering the LDL to HDL ratio 16%; folate rose 18% and homocysteine did not change.
  13. Dresser GK, Bailey DG, Leake BF, Schwarz UI, Dawson PA, Freeman DJ, Kim RB. Fruit juices inhibit organic anion transporting polypeptide-mediated drug uptake to decrease the oral availability of fexofenadine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002;71(1):11-20. doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121152.PubMedUsed to support: Cell studies plus a randomized 5-way crossover in 10 healthy volunteers: grapefruit, orange and apple juices strongly inhibited OATP drug uptake transporters in cells, and drinking 1.2 L of normal-strength orange, grapefruit or apple juice over 3 hours with 120 mg fexofenadine lowered its blood levels (AUC and peak) to 30 to 40% of those with water.
  14. Lilja JJ, Juntti-Patinen L, Neuvonen PJ. Orange juice substantially reduces the bioavailability of the beta-adrenergic-blocking agent celiprolol. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004;75(3):184-90. doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.002.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized crossover in 10 healthy volunteers: 200 mL orange juice three times a day for 2 days and with the dose cut the peak plasma level of 100 mg celiprolol by 89% and its AUC by 83% versus water; blood pressure and heart rate did not differ between phases. The mechanism was not resolved.
  15. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central, SR Legacy: Oranges, raw, all commercial varieties (FDC 169097) and Orange juice, raw (FDC 169098). USDA FoodData Central. 2019;SR Legacy entries, last updated April 2019; accessed 2026..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed; USDA nutrient database. Per 100 g, raw oranges: 47 kcal, 9.35 g total sugars, 2.4 g fiber, 53.2 mg vitamin C, 30 mcg folate, 181 mg potassium; one fruit (2-5/8 inch) is 131 g. Per 100 g, raw orange juice (FDC 169098): 45 kcal, 8.4 g total sugars, 0.2 g fiber, 50.0 mg vitamin C, 30 mcg folate, 200 mg potassium; one cup is 248 g.
  16. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, DailyMed label. Children's Allegra Allergy (fexofenadine HCl) orally disintegrating tablet, Drug Facts label. DailyMed / openFDA drug label. 2025;Label effective 2025-02-18; set id 06115cea-5a44-409d-85ed-bb71743491c1; accessed 2026..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed; US over-the-counter Drug Facts label. The Warnings section says: do not take with fruit juices (see Directions).