Home Ingredients Monk Fruit (Siraitia grosvenorii, Luo Han Guo)

Monk Fruit (Siraitia grosvenorii, Luo Han Guo)

Siraitia grosvenorii
Evidence Level
Limited
6 Clinical Trials
6 Documented Benefits
2/5 Evidence Score

Monk fruit, or luo han guo (Siraitia grosvenorii), is a gourd-family fruit whose sweetness comes from mogrosides, mainly mogroside V. Its extract is reported to be 100 to 250 times sweeter than sugar, depending on mogroside content, and is used to replace sugar in foods and drinks. FDA has had no questions about seven GRAS notices for luo han guo fruit extracts and juice concentrates, and no acceptable daily intake has been specified. In the EU, plain water decoctions of the fruit are not considered novel, while EFSA could not conclude on the safety of monk fruit extract as a food additive. In short crossover trials, monk fruit-sweetened drinks avoided the glucose and insulin rise seen with sugar, but in one trial people ate more at the next meal and no published trial has tested weeks of use.

Studied Dose No supplement dose has been established and no acceptable daily intake has been specified. Trials gave single drinks matched in sweetness to 25 g or 65 g of sucrose; one hospital trial gave 30 mL (raised to 50 mL for dry mouth) of a 30% whole-fruit decoction three times daily for 48 hours.
Active Compound Mogrosides (cucurbitane triterpene glycosides), mainly mogroside V. Products reviewed by FDA and EFSA ranged from a juice concentrate with 3.5% mogroside V to extracts with 12.5% to 90% mogroside V.

Benefits

Sweetness without sugar calories

Mogrosides, mainly mogroside V, give monk fruit extract a sweetness reported at 100 to 250 times that of sugar, depending on mogroside content, so small amounts replace sugar. In a crossover trial, a monk fruit drink matched to 25 g of sucrose was rated a little less sweet and liked a little less than the sugar drink.

Supported by Trial 3, Trial 1

Glucose and insulin after a sweetened drink compared with sugar

In crossover trials in healthy adults, monk fruit-sweetened drinks avoided the early glucose and insulin rise of a sugar drink. These are single-drink markers: after a meal, responses were similar or higher, and 3-hour and 24-hour glucose totals did not differ from sugar in two trials, while formulations with added fructooligosaccharides gave lower overall totals.

Supported by Trial 4, Trial 1

Food intake at the next meal after a monk fruit drink

In one crossover trial in 30 healthy men, people ate more at lunch after a monk fruit, stevia or aspartame drink than after a sugar drink, and total daily energy intake did not differ. Another trial of monk fruit-based formulations found no difference in appetite or energy intake versus sugar or sucralose.

Supported by Trial 4, Trial 1

Throat comfort after a breathing tube in one hospital trial

In 203 women recovering from surgery with a breathing tube, a whole-fruit luo han guo decoction taken three times daily for 48 hours was followed by lower throat soreness scores and less cough and sputum than black tea. This was a single trial of a fruit decoction, not of a concentrated mogroside extract.

Supported by Trial 6

Regulatory status as a food sweetener

FDA has had no questions about seven GRAS notices for luo han guo fruit extracts and juice concentrates, and no acceptable daily intake has been specified. In the EU, plain water decoctions of the fruit are not considered novel foods, while EFSA could not conclude on the safety of the extract as a food additive.

Supported by Trial 1, Trial 3

Weight control guidance for non-sugar sweeteners

The World Health Organization recommends against using non-sugar sweeteners to control body weight or reduce the risk of noncommunicable diseases. Its guideline covers all naturally occurring non-nutritive sweeteners, which would include monk fruit, though monk fruit is not named. The recommendation is conditional and excludes people with pre-existing diabetes.

Supported by Trial 1, Trial 4

Mechanism of action

1

Intensely sweet glycosides with little digestible sugar

Mogrosides are triterpene glycosides that taste intensely sweet, so the amounts used add almost no sugar or calories. EFSA notes that mogroside V is absorbed to some extent and that gut bacteria break mogrosides down to metabolites, including the aglycone mogrol, whose genotoxic potential the available lab tests could not evaluate.

2

AMPK signaling in animal studies

In mice made diabetic by diet and a chemical, 5 weeks of a mogroside-rich extract lowered fasting glucose, insulin and blood lipids and activated liver AMPK signaling, most clearly at 300 mg/kg of body weight. This is animal work at doses far above sweetening amounts and has not been tested in people.

3

Oxidative stress findings in lab work point both ways

Reviews list antioxidant effects of mogrosides from cell and animal studies. In contrast, a study in human intestinal cells found that mogroside V raised reactive oxygen species and weakened the cell barrier through the sweet taste receptor. Neither finding has been measured in people.

Clinical trials

1
Monk fruit, stevia, aspartame and sugar drinks before lunch
PubMed

Randomized crossover trial; each participant drank aspartame-, monk fruit-, stevia- and sucrose-sweetened (65 g) beverages on separate days as a mid-morning preload, with an ad libitum lunch 1 hour later and blood sampled for 3 hours. (Tey et al. 2017, Int J Obes (Lond))

30 healthy men

The sucrose drink caused a large glucose and insulin spike in the first hour and the sweetener drinks did not, but responses after lunch were higher with the sweetener drinks, so 3-hour glucose (P=0.960) and insulin (P=0.216) areas under the curve did not differ. Lunch intake was higher after the non-nutritive sweeteners (P=0.010), and total daily energy intake did not differ (P=0.831).

2
24-hour glucose profiles after one sweetened drink
PubMed

Randomized crossover study with continuous glucose monitoring after aspartame-, monk fruit-, stevia- or sucrose-sweetened (65 g) beverages taken as a mid-morning preload. (Tey et al. 2017, Eur J Clin Nutr)

10 healthy men

Mean 24-hour glucose, glucose iAUC and total AUC, and 24-hour glycemic variability did not differ significantly between the four beverages.

3
Flavored waters with five sweeteners and brain responses
PubMed

Randomized crossover study of 500 mL water or equisweet flavored waters with 25 g sucrose, sucralose, stevia extract, allulose plus stevia, or monk fruit extract; registered as NCT05575687; funded by Tate & Lyle PLC, which employed one author. (Smeets et al. 2026, Am J Clin Nutr)

30 healthy young adults

The primary outcome, hypothalamus blood flow, did not differ between drinks. In a midbrain reward area, the 30-minute change was lower after sucrose than after water, sucralose or monk fruit. Only sucrose raised glucose and insulin. The monk fruit drink was liked less and rated less sweet than the sucrose drink.

4
Monk fruit-based sweetener formulations versus sugar and sucralose
PubMed

Randomized, double-blind crossover study of three monk fruit-based formulations containing fructooligosaccharides versus sucrose and sucralose, each as a drink followed by a standard meal; registered as TCTR20250512007; two authors are named inventors on a university-held patent for the formulations. (Aisara et al. 2026, Eur J Nutr)

30 healthy adults

For the primary glucose and insulin iAUCs, responses to the monk fruit formulations were lower than sucrose after the drink, similar after the meal and lower overall. Appetite and energy intake did not differ among sweeteners. Adverse events were mild, with diarrhea more frequent on the monk fruit formulations.

5
Sweetener blends including mogroside V before breakfast
PubMed

Double-blind, multicenter randomized crossover trial of 330 mL drinks with a mogroside V plus stevia rebaudioside M blend, two other sweetener blends, or 26 g sucrose before a carbohydrate-rich breakfast; registered as NCT04483180; one author was a Cargill employee. (Almiron-Roig et al. 2023, Appetite)

60 adults with overweight or obesity

All blends lowered the 2-hour insulin iAUC versus sucrose (p < 0.001), but only the rebaudioside A plus thaumatin and sucralose plus acesulfame K blends lowered the glucose iAUC. Energy intake over 24 hours did not differ, and gastrointestinal symptoms were mostly mild. The mogroside V arm was a blend, not monk fruit alone.

6
Luo han guo decoction and throat symptoms after intubation
PubMed

Randomized, double-blind trial of 30 mL of a 30% luo han guo decoction three times daily for 48 hours versus black tea, starting 6 hours after surgery; registered as ChiCTR-INR-17012203; no specific grant funding. (Tan et al. 2019, J Int Med Res)

203 women after tracheal intubation for laparoscopic radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer; 189 analyzed

Throat soreness scores were significantly lower with the decoction at 12, 24 and 48 hours, and cough and sputum were significantly less frequent at 48 hours, compared with black tea.

Side effects and drug interactions

Common Potential side effects

In a crossover trial of monk fruit-based sweetener formulations that also contained fructooligosaccharides, adverse events were mild, but diarrhea occurred more often than with sucrose or sucralose.
In a trial of sweetener blends including a mogroside V plus stevia blend, gastrointestinal symptoms were mostly mild.
EFSA could not dismiss testis effects seen in a 90-day rat study of an extract with 52% mogroside V and judged the toxicity data insufficient to conclude on safety as a food additive. A later 90-day rat study of a fermentation-made mogroside preparation, by authors employed by its maker, found no adverse effects up to 2,000 mg/kg a day.
In mice, mogroside doses of 5 g/kg or more caused modest effects on micronucleus frequency and sperm abnormalities, far above amounts used to sweeten food.
No acceptable daily intake has been specified for monk fruit.

Important Drug interactions

No human studies of interactions between monk fruit or mogrosides and medicines have been published.
Glucose-lowering medicines: monk fruit-sweetened drinks did not raise glucose or insulin in healthy adults, and no trial has tested monk fruit in people taking these medicines. Mogroside-rich extract lowered glucose in diabetic mice at 300 mg/kg, far above sweetening amounts.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding: no human studies of monk fruit extract have been published.

Standardized & branded forms of Monk Fruit (Siraitia grosvenorii, Luo Han Guo)

Trademarked forms of Monk Fruit (Siraitia grosvenorii, Luo Han Guo) with their own profiles on NutraSmarts. Results from one branded form do not automatically carry over to another, so check each profile for the studies run on that specific product:

Go-Luo® (Monk Fruit Extract)
Go-Luo® is a branded monk fruit extract (Siraitia grosvenorii) from Layn USA, used to repl…

Explore Other Ingredients

Cardiovascular
CoEnzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a fat-soluble compound the body makes for itself. It carries elect…
Cognitive
PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a redox-active coenzyme that behaves as an antioxidant i…
Energy
Iron
Iron is an essential mineral needed to make hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells tha…

Related articles from our blog

📝 Article
Allulose, Stevia and Monk Fruit: Are 'Natural' Sweeteners Better?
Allulose , stevia and monk fruit are often sold together as the "natural" sugar substitutes and promoted as healthier th…
November 12, 2026
📝 Article
Sugar Alcohols: Erythritol, Xylitol and the Heart Risk Headlines
Sugar alcohols such as erythritol , xylitol , sorbitol and maltitol are in sugar-free gum, keto snacks, protein bars, to…
November 11, 2026
📝 Article
The 7 Best Flavored Creatine Powders of 2026
Creatine monohydrate is the best-studied supplement for strength and muscle in people who train, and it works the same w…
October 25, 2026

Frequently asked questions about Monk Fruit (Siraitia grosvenorii, Luo Han Guo)

What is monk fruit?

Monk fruit, or luo han guo (Siraitia grosvenorii), is a gourd-family fruit from southern China. Its sweetness comes from mogrosides, mainly mogroside V, and the extract is reported to be 100 to 250 times sweeter than sugar, depending on mogroside content.

Is monk fruit sweetener allowed in the US and the EU?

In the US, FDA has had no questions about seven GRAS notices for luo han guo fruit extracts and juice concentrates, and no acceptable daily intake has been specified. In the EU, plain water decoctions of the fruit are not considered novel foods, while EFSA could not conclude on the safety of monk fruit extract as a food additive.

Does monk fruit raise blood sugar?

In short trials in healthy adults, monk fruit-sweetened drinks avoided the glucose and insulin rise of a sugar drink, because they contain no sugar. When a meal followed, glucose totals over 3 or 24 hours did not differ from sugar in two trials. No published trial has tested weeks of use.

Does monk fruit help with weight control?

In one trial, people ate more at the next meal after a monk fruit drink, so total daily energy intake did not differ from the sugar drink. The World Health Organization recommends against using non-sugar sweeteners for weight control; its guideline covers naturally occurring sweeteners, though monk fruit is not named.

What is Monk Fruit used for?

NutraSmarts does not list Monk Fruit under a health category. What the research covers: Mogrosides, mainly mogroside V, give monk fruit extract a sweetness reported at 100 to 250 times that of sugar, depending on mogroside content, so small amounts replace sugar.

What is the recommended dosage of Monk Fruit?

No supplement dose has been established and no acceptable daily intake has been specified. Trials gave single drinks matched in sweetness to 25 g or 65 g of sucrose; one hospital trial gave 30 mL (raised to 50 mL for dry mouth) of a 30% whole-fruit decoction t… Always follow the product label and check with a healthcare provider for personal advice.

Is Monk Fruit safe, and does it have side effects?

Side effects and cautions reported for Monk Fruit include: In a crossover trial of monk fruit-based sweetener formulations that also contained fructooligosaccharides, adverse events were mild, but diarrhea occurred more often than with sucrose or sucralose. It may also interact with some medications. Monk Fruit is not right for everyone, so check with a healthcare provider first if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, have a medical condition, or take prescription medication.

Does Monk Fruit interact with any medications?

Possible interactions include: No human studies of interactions between monk fruit or mogrosides and medicines have been published. Glucose-lowering medicines: monk fruit-sweetened drinks did not raise glucose or insulin in healthy adults, and no trial has tested monk fruit in people taking these medicines. If you take prescription medication, check with a pharmacist or doctor before using it.

How strong is the scientific evidence for Monk Fruit?

NutraSmarts rates the evidence for Monk Fruit as Limited (2 out of 5). It is backed by 6 study summaries and 16 cited references summarized on this page. A higher rating reflects more, larger, and better-designed human studies.

References(16 citations)

Evidence ratings on NutraSmarts are based on the totality of human clinical research, with emphasis on randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. The references below directly support claims made throughout this page.

  1. Tey SL, Salleh NB, Henry J, Forde CG. Effects of aspartame-, monk fruit-, stevia- and sucrose-sweetened beverages on postprandial glucose, insulin and energy intake. Int J Obes (Lond). 2017;41(3):450-457. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2016.225.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized crossover trial in 30 healthy men comparing aspartame-, monk fruit-, stevia- and sucrose-sweetened (65 g) beverages taken as a mid-morning preload before an ad libitum lunch. The sucrose drink caused a large glucose and insulin spike in the first hour, while the sweetener drinks gave higher responses after lunch, so 3-hour glucose (P=0.960) and insulin (P=0.216) areas under the curve did not differ. Lunch intake was higher after the non-nutritive sweeteners (P=0.010), and total daily energy intake did not differ (P=0.831).
  2. Tey SL, Salleh NB, Henry CJ, Forde CG. Effects of non-nutritive (artificial vs natural) sweeteners on 24-h glucose profiles. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017;71(9):1129-1132. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.37.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized crossover study in 10 healthy men given aspartame-, monk fruit-, stevia- or sucrose-sweetened (65 g) beverages as a mid-morning preload, with continuous glucose monitoring. Mean 24-hour glucose, glucose iAUC and total AUC, and 24-hour glycemic variability did not differ significantly between the four drinks.
  3. Smeets PA, Veit R, Oosterink E, Meijboom S, Risso D, Preissl H, Kullmann S. Brain and physiological responses to flavored waters with different sweeteners: a randomized crossover study in healthy young adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2026;124(2):101401. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101401.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized crossover study in 30 healthy adults given 500 mL of water or equisweet flavored waters with 25 g sucrose, sucralose, stevia extract, allulose plus stevia, or monk fruit extract (NCT05575687). The primary outcome, hypothalamus blood flow, did not differ between drinks; in a midbrain reward area the change at 30 minutes was lower after sucrose than after water, sucralose or monk fruit. Only sucrose raised glucose and insulin. The monk fruit drink was liked less and rated less sweet than the sucrose drink. Funded by Tate & Lyle PLC, which made the drinks, helped design the study and employed one author.
  4. Aisara J, Takuathung MN, Yaja K, Teekachunhatean S, Chitphan J, Settakorn K, Inpan R, Koonrungsesomboon N. Glucose and insulin responses to monk fruit-based sweetener formulations and their effects on appetite, liking and wanting, and energy intake (GREEN): a randomized double-blind, crossover study. Eur J Nutr. 2026;65(8):290. doi: 10.1007/s00394-026-04142-0.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized, double-blind crossover study in 30 healthy adults (TCTR20250512007) comparing three monk fruit-based sweetener formulations containing fructooligosaccharides with sucrose and sucralose, each as a drink followed by a standard meal. Glucose and insulin responses to the monk fruit formulations were lower than sucrose after the drink, similar after the meal and lower overall; appetite and energy intake did not differ. Adverse events were mild, with diarrhea more frequent on the monk fruit formulations. Chiang Mai University holds a petty patent on the formulations, with two of the authors named as inventors.
  5. Almiron-Roig E, Navas-Carretero S, Castelnuovo G, Kjølbæk L, Romo-Hualde A, Normand M, Maloney N, Hardman CA, Hodgkins CE, Moshoyiannis H, Finlayson G, Scott C, Raats MM, Harrold JA, Raben A, Halford JCG, Martínez JA. Impact of acute consumption of beverages containing plant-based or alternative sweetener blends on postprandial appetite, food intake, metabolism, and gastro-intestinal symptoms: Results of the SWEET beverages trial. Appetite. 2023;184:106515. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106515.PubMedUsed to support: Double-blind, multicenter randomized crossover trial in 60 adults with overweight or obesity (NCT04483180). A 330 mL drink sweetened with a mogroside V plus stevia rebaudioside M blend, two other sweetener blends, or 26 g sucrose was taken before a carbohydrate-rich breakfast. All blends lowered the 2-hour insulin iAUC versus sucrose, but only the rebaudioside A plus thaumatin and sucralose plus acesulfame K blends lowered the glucose iAUC. Energy intake over the next 24 hours did not differ, and gastrointestinal symptoms were mostly mild. One author was a Cargill employee.
  6. Tan HL, Liang YK, Li YM, Qiu LY, Huang R, Guo L, Yang XH, Lu HX, Liang HM, Chen AP. Effects of Luo Han Guo on throat complications associated with tracheal intubation: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Med Res. 2019;47(7):3203-3211. doi: 10.1177/0300060519853656.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized trial (ChiCTR-INR-17012203) in 203 women after tracheal intubation for laparoscopic surgery; 189 were analyzed. A 30% Luo Han Guo decoction (300 g dried fruit boiled in 1,000 mL water), 30 mL three times daily for 48 hours, was compared with black tea. Throat soreness scores were lower at 12, 24 and 48 hours, and cough and sputum were less frequent at 48 hours. The study received no specific grant funding.
  7. EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF), Younes M, Aquilina G, Engel KH, Fowler P, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gürtler R, Gundert-Remy U, Husøy T, Mennes W, Moldeus P, Oskarsson A, Shah R, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Wölfle D, Degen G, Herman L, Gott D, Leblanc JC, Giarola A, Rincon AM, Tard A, Castle L. Safety of use of Monk fruit extract as a food additive in different food categories. EFSA J. 2019;17(12):e05921. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5921.PubMedUsed to support: EFSA safety opinion (not a clinical trial) on water extracts of monk fruit with 25% to 55% mogroside V proposed as a food additive. Mogroside V is the main mogroside and is absorbed to some extent. Genotoxicity tests of the extracts were negative, but testis effects in a 90-day rat study of an extract with 52% mogroside V could not be dismissed, and the Panel concluded the toxicity data were insufficient to conclude on safety as a food additive. Human studies submitted were single-dose and too small to draw safety conclusions.
  8. Santos CNS, M SS, Paneliya SM, Pawluk M, A S, Chaturvedula VSP. Genotoxicity and 90-day oral toxicity of a monk fruit (Siraitia grosvenorii) mogroside preparation (≥95% mogrosides) produced by microbial fermentation. Food Chem Toxicol. 2026;219:116469. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2026.116469.PubMedUsed to support: Animal and lab safety study of a fermentation-made mogroside preparation (at least 95% mogrosides, 70.3% mogroside V). It was not mutagenic or clastogenic in lab tests, and in a 90-day rat study at up to 2,000 mg/kg body weight a day there were no adverse effects, including on testis weight, sperm or spermatogenesis. Three authors are employees and shareholders of Manus Bio, the maker of the preparation.
  9. Huang H, Peng Z, Zhan S, Li W, Liu D, Huang S, Zhu Y, Wang W. A comprehensive review of Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey: chemical composition, pharmacology, toxicology, status of resources development, and applications. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1388747. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1388747.PubMedUsed to support: Review of monk fruit chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Its pharmacology list (antioxidant, blood sugar and lipid effects and others) comes from cell and animal work. In mice, a water extract caused no lasting harm, while mogrosides at 5 g/kg or more caused modest effects on micronucleus frequency and sperm abnormalities. Its statement that FDA approved mogrosides in 1995 does not match the FDA GRAS inventory, whose first no-questions letter is dated 2010. Six of the eight authors were employed by Hunan Huacheng Biotech and a natural sweetener research center.
  10. Liu H, Qi X, Yu K, Lu A, Lin K, Zhu J, Zhang M, Sun Z. AMPK activation is involved in hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of mogroside-rich extract from Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) fruits on high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Food Funct. 2019;10(1):151-162. doi: 10.1039/c8fo01486h.PubMedUsed to support: Animal study. In mice made diabetic with a high-fat diet and streptozotocin, 5 weeks of a mogroside-rich extract lowered fasting glucose, insulin and atherogenic lipids in a dose-dependent way and activated liver AMPK signaling, with the clearest effects at 300 mg/kg. No human data.
  11. Shil A, Amoakohene O, Chichger H. The non-synthetic sweeteners, miraculin and mogroside V, but not stevia, disrupt the intestinal epithelial barrier function through a sweet taste receptor-dependent mechanism. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):44861. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-28759-z.PubMedUsed to support: Cell culture study in human intestinal (Caco-2) cells. Mogroside V lowered cell viability, increased reactive oxygen species and disrupted barrier function, effects reduced by knocking down the sweet taste receptor subunit T1R3; stevia had no such effects. The authors call for study of long-term dietary effects. No human data.
  12. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. GRAS Notice Inventory: search results for monk fruit (Siraitia grosvenorii Swingle, Luo Han Guo) U.S. Food and Drug Administration GRAS Notice Inventory. 2026;Inventory searched November 2026..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed. The inventory lists eight notices for Siraitia grosvenorii Swingle (Luo Han Guo) fruit extracts or juice concentrates. FDA had no questions for GRN 301 (2010), 359 (2011), 522 (2014), 556 (2015), 627 (2016), 706 (2017) and 784 (2018); it ceased evaluating GRN 629 (2016) at the notifier's request, and that notice was resubmitted as GRN 706.
  13. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000627 U.S. Food and Drug Administration GRAS Notice Inventory. 2016;Letter dated October 11, 2016; accessed 2026..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed. FDA had no questions about the notifier's conclusion that a Luo Han Guo fruit juice concentrate (3.5% mogroside V and 1.5% other mogrosides) is GRAS as a sweetener and flavoring at up to about 1% of food. The letter notes that the extracts in GRN 522 and 556 contain 12.5% to 90% mogroside V, that the extract in GRN 301 was stated to be 100 times sweeter than sucrose, and that FDA made no GRAS determination of its own.
  14. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Aspartame and Other Sweeteners in Food U.S. Food and Drug Administration web page. 2025;Content current as of 02/27/2025; accessed 2026..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed. FDA states that Siraitia grosvenorii Swingle fruit extract contains varying levels of mogrosides, the constituents mainly responsible for its sweetness, and is reported to be 100 to 250 times sweeter than sugar depending on mogroside content; that FDA has not questioned the GRAS conclusions in the notices it received; and that no ADI has been specified for monk fruit.
  15. Food Safety Authority of Ireland. Article 4 Request, Regulation (EU) 2015/2283: Monk fruit decoctions European Commission, novel food status consultation outcome. 2024;Dated 02/10/2024; Ref. Ares(2024)7006503; accessed 2026..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed. The Food Safety Authority of Ireland concluded that monk fruit decoctions, non-selective water extracts of the fresh or dried fruit in which mogrosides are not selectively extracted, are not novel foods in the EU, based on a history of significant consumption in the UK before May 1997.
  16. World Health Organization. WHO advises not to use non-sugar sweeteners for weight control in newly released guideline. World Health Organization news release. 2023;Geneva: World Health Organization; 15 May 2023..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed. WHO recommends against using non-sugar sweeteners to control body weight or reduce the risk of noncommunicable diseases. The guideline covers all synthetic and naturally occurring or modified non-nutritive sweeteners not classified as sugars; monk fruit is not named among the examples. The review found no long-term benefit for body fat. The recommendation is conditional and does not apply to people with pre-existing diabetes.