Home Ingredients Lactotripeptides (Casein Peptides VPP and IPP)
Cardiovascular

Lactotripeptides (Casein Peptides VPP and IPP)

Evidence Level
Limited
6 Clinical Trials
5 Documented Benefits
2/5 Evidence Score

Lactotripeptides are two small milk peptides, valyl-prolyl-proline (VPP) and isoleucyl-prolyl-proline (IPP), each three amino acids long and cut from milk casein. They are produced either by fermenting milk with Lactobacillus helveticus, as in Japanese sour milk drinks and Finnish fermented milks, or by digesting casein with an enzyme, as in tablet ingredients. Pooled analyses of randomized trials find small average drops in blood pressure, about 1 to 4 mmHg systolic, but results split by region: Japanese trials average about 5.6 mmHg, European trials about 1.3 mmHg, and four trials in white adults, two of them large Dutch trials, found no effect. The EU food safety authority concluded in 2012 that a benefit for normal blood pressure had not been established. They block the ACE enzyme in the test tube but not in a human study. They are not a treatment for high blood pressure.

Studied Dose In the cited trials, about 3 to 14 mg/day of VPP plus IPP (3 and 10.2 mg/day in Italian trials, 4.6 to 14 mg/day in Dutch-run trials), taken for 4 to 24 weeks; one Finnish trial used 5 mg/day and then 50 mg/day.
Active Compound The casein-derived tripeptides valyl-prolyl-proline (VPP) and isoleucyl-prolyl-proline (IPP), from milk fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus or from enzyme-hydrolysed casein. Amounts are given in mg of VPP plus IPP.

Benefits

Small average change in blood pressure across pooled trials

Meta-analyses of randomized trials in adults find small average reductions: about 3 mmHg systolic across 30 trials and under 2 mmHg across 28 trials. Signs of publication bias shrank the estimate, so the true effect may be smaller. This is not a treatment for high blood pressure.

Supported by Trial 1, Trial 3

Blood pressure results differ between Japanese and European trials

In 18 Japanese trials, systolic pressure fell about 5.6 mmHg more than placebo; in 14 European trials the extra drop was about 1.3 mmHg. Both reviews had authors paid by the main producer. Four trials in white adults, including Dutch trials of 275 and 135 people, found no effect. Why results differ by region is not known, and EU food safety experts found a benefit not established.

Supported by Trial 3, Trial 1

24-hour and home blood pressure readings

Office readings can be swayed by stress at the clinic, so 24-hour monitoring is a stricter test. Pooled 24-hour results were small or not significant. Dutch trials and a Finnish trial at 50 mg/day found no 24-hour difference from placebo, while an Italian crossover trial in 40 adults reported some lower 24-hour readings. A small Japanese trial found home readings about 2 to 3 mmHg lower.

Supported by Trial 3, Trial 5

Arterial stiffness markers in small trials

In a 24-week Finnish trial of 89 adults with raised blood pressure, peptide-rich fermented milk lowered the augmentation index, a stiffness measure, versus placebo, while blood pressure did not differ. Two small Italian trials reported lower pulse wave velocity, one against placebo and one only against starting values, and a Japanese trial found no change. These are markers in small, short trials, not heart outcomes.

Supported by Trial 4, Trial 5

Blood pressure with peptide-rich fermented milk drinks

The first studies used fermented milks rather than tablets. In a 21-week trial of 39 adults with hypertension, a daily 150 mL fermented milk gave home systolic pressure about 7 mmHg lower than a control drink. An 8-week Japanese sour-milk study in 30 older patients, most on medication, found a within-group drop that only trended past placebo.

Supported by Trial 2, Trial 6

Mechanism of action

1

ACE inhibition (test-tube work)

In the test tube, VPP and IPP weakly block angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which makes the vessel-narrowing hormone angiotensin II. In a human study the peptides were poorly absorbed, IPP rose only briefly in the blood, VPP stayed below the measurable level and ACE activity did not change, so this mechanism is not shown in people.

2

Possible effects on artery walls (unconfirmed)

Some trials report changes in arterial stiffness measures, and researchers have proposed effects on the artery lining. An Italian crossover trial reported a better blood flow response after the peptides, but in a Finnish 24-week trial an endothelial function test did not change and a Japanese trial found no difference in vessel function tests, so how the peptides might affect blood vessels in people is unknown.

Clinical trials

1
Meta-Analysis (Not a Single Trial): Lactotripeptides and Blood Pressure Across 30 Trials
PubMed

Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of casein lactotripeptides on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults, by a university group with no producer authors (Fekete et al. 2015, Nutrients)

Adults in 30 randomized trials (33 data sets), mostly from Japan and Europe, searched to May 2014.

Pooled changes were -2.95 mmHg systolic and -1.51 mmHg diastolic versus control. Japanese studies showed significantly larger drops than European ones. 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure did not change significantly, and publication bias and small-study effects were found; allowing for them weakened the systolic result and made the diastolic result non-significant.

2
Fermented Milk With Lactotripeptides in Adults With Hypertension: 21-Week RCT
PubMed

Randomized placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus helveticus LBK-16H fermented milk from the Valio research centre, with blood pressure measured at home each week (Seppo et al. 2003, Am J Clin Nutr)

39 adults with hypertension (baseline about 155/97 mmHg), 150 mL/day of fermented milk or a control drink for 21 weeks after a 2-week run-in.

Home systolic blood pressure was 6.7 mmHg lower in the fermented milk group than in the control group (P = 0.030). The 3.6 mmHg difference in diastolic pressure was not statistically significant (P = 0.059). A small trial run by the product's maker.

3
Two Crossover Trials of Lactotripeptide Dairy Drinks in White Adults: No Change in 24-Hour Blood Pressure
PubMed

Two multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trials by Unilever of dairy drinks with enzymatically produced lactotripeptides, measured by 24-hour ambulatory monitoring (van Mierlo et al. 2009, Am J Clin Nutr)

White adults with untreated raised blood pressure: 69 people given 5.8 mg IPP plus 4.4 mg VPP a day, and 93 people given 2.7 mg IPP plus 1.9 mg VPP with 350 mg potassium a day, each for 4 weeks.

24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressure did not differ between the peptide drinks and placebo in either trial (P > 0.10). Office systolic pressure fell by more than 5 mmHg during both studies, and the difference from placebo was not significant (P > 0.10). The authors concluded the data do not support a blood pressure effect in white Europeans.

4
Fermented Milk Peptides and Arterial Stiffness: 24-Week RCT in Finland
PubMed

Double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel trial of peptide-rich Lactobacillus helveticus fermented milk, measuring the augmentation index by pulse wave analysis; three authors were Valio employees and Valio supplied the products (Jauhiainen et al. 2010, Eur J Clin Nutr)

89 adults with hypertension; 5 mg/day of the tripeptides for 12 weeks, then 50 mg/day for 12 weeks, or a placebo milk drink.

At the end, the augmentation index fell 1.53% with the peptides and rose 1.20% with placebo (P = 0.013). An endothelial function index did not change, and office and 24-hour blood pressure did not differ from placebo.

5
Lactotripeptides in Adults With Metabolic Syndrome: Italian Crossover RCT
PubMed

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of casein lactotripeptides with 4-week periods and a 4-week washout (Cicero et al. 2016, Metab Syndr Relat Disord)

40 non-smoking adults with metabolic syndrome and suboptimal blood pressure control, 10.2 mg/day of lactotripeptides or placebo.

During the peptide period, office systolic pressure fell 3.4 mmHg and diastolic 3.1 mmHg, and these changes were significantly larger than with placebo (P < 0.01). Pulse wave velocity fell 0.8 m/s versus 0.1 m/s with placebo, and some 24-hour measures improved compared with placebo. Short periods and a small group.

6
Lactotripeptide Tablets and Home Blood Pressure in Japanese Adults: Crossover RCT (producer-funded)
PubMed

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial with 8-week periods and 7-day tele-monitored home blood pressure as the main outcome, funded by Asahi Calpis Wellness (Tomiyama et al. 2019, Circ Rep)

26 Japanese adults aged 36 to 57 with prehypertension and no blood pressure medication; tablets with 1.4 mg VPP and 2.0 mg IPP, or caseinate placebo tablets.

At the end of the peptide period, home blood pressure was 127/84 mmHg versus 130/86 mmHg after placebo (P = 0.02 systolic, P = 0.03 diastolic). In the mixed-model analysis of change, diastolic pressure differed between periods (P = 0.04) but systolic only marginally (P = 0.10). Vessel function tests, including pulse wave velocity, did not differ.

Side effects and drug interactions

Common Potential side effects

Few side effects were reported in trials. In a 4-week producer-run safety study, 48 adults taking 5 times the usual amount had no sudden or excessive drop in blood pressure and no clinically important adverse events.
Made from milk protein: avoid with a milk-protein (casein) allergy.
Fermented milk drinks that supply the peptides also contain lactose, sugar and calories; check the label if you limit these.

Important Drug interactions

Blood pressure medication: an added lowering effect is possible in principle; tell your doctor before combining, and do not use this in place of prescribed treatment.
ACE inhibitors and other heart medication: a human study found the peptides did not inhibit ACE at the dose tested, so an interaction is theoretical; tell your doctor.

Standardized & branded forms of Lactotripeptides (Casein Peptides VPP and IPP)

Trademarked Lactotripeptides (Casein Peptides VPP and IPP) extracts with their own clinical trials and dedicated profiles. Most Lactotripeptides (Casein Peptides VPP and IPP) research is run on one of these standardized forms:

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AmealPeptide® (Casein Lactotripeptides VPP and IPP)
AmealPeptide® is a casein-derived ingredient supplying the lactotripeptides VPP (valyl-pro…

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Frequently asked questions about Lactotripeptides (Casein Peptides VPP and IPP)

Why do Japanese and European studies disagree?

Nobody knows for sure. A review of 18 Japanese trials found an average systolic drop of about 5.6 mmHg, a review of 14 European trials found about 1.3 mmHg, and large Dutch trials found nothing. Both reviews had authors paid by the main producer, Calpis. Reviews link the size of the effect to starting blood pressure, ethnicity, trial length and blinding, but none of these fully explains the gap.

How much is used in studies?

Trials count milligrams of the two peptides, not grams of powder. Trials have mostly used about 3 to 14 mg/day, and one Finnish trial went up to 50 mg/day without a significant difference from placebo in 24-hour blood pressure. Check how many mg of VPP plus IPP a product supplies per serving.

Do the peptides block the ACE enzyme in the body?

Probably not at usual doses. They block ACE weakly in the test tube, but in 12 healthy men drinking peptide-rich fermented milk for a week, the peptides were barely absorbed and ACE activity in the blood did not change. How they might affect blood pressure in people is not known.

Is AmealPeptide the same thing?

AmealPeptide is one branded source of these peptides, made by digesting casein with an enzyme from the mould Aspergillus oryzae. Fermented milks made with Lactobacillus helveticus supply the same two peptides. This page covers the research on both; the AmealPeptide page covers that ingredient's own trials.

What is Lactotripeptides?

Lactotripeptides are two small milk peptides, valyl-prolyl-proline (VPP) and isoleucyl-prolyl-proline (IPP), each three amino acids long and cut from milk casein.

What is Lactotripeptides used for?

Lactotripeptides is researched primarily for Cardiovascular. Meta-analyses of randomized trials in adults find small average reductions: about 3 mmHg systolic across 30 trials and under 2 mmHg across 28 trials. Signs of publication bias shrank the estimate, so the true effect may be smaller.

What is the recommended dosage of Lactotripeptides?

The clinically studied dose is In the cited trials, about 3 to 14 mg/day of VPP plus IPP (3 and 10.2 mg/day in Italian trials, 4.6 to 14 mg/day in Dutch-run trials), taken for 4 to 24 weeks; one Finnish trial used 5 mg/day and then 50 mg/day. Always follow the product label and check with a healthcare provider for personal advice.

Is Lactotripeptides safe, and does it have side effects?

For most healthy adults, Lactotripeptides is well tolerated at studied doses. Reported effects can include: Few side effects were reported in trials. In a 4-week producer-run safety study, 48 adults taking 5 times the usual amount had no sudden or excessive drop in blood pressure and no clinically important adverse events. It may also interact with some medications. Lactotripeptides is not right for everyone, so check with a healthcare provider first if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, have a medical condition, or take prescription medication.

Does Lactotripeptides interact with any medications?

Possible interactions include: Blood pressure medication: an added lowering effect is possible in principle; tell your doctor before combining, and do not use this in place of prescribed treatment. If you take prescription medication, check with a pharmacist or doctor before using it.

How strong is the scientific evidence for Lactotripeptides?

NutraSmarts rates the evidence for Lactotripeptides as Limited (2 out of 5). It is backed by 6 clinical trials and 18 cited references summarized on this page. A higher rating reflects more, larger, and better-designed human studies.

References(18 citations)

Evidence ratings on NutraSmarts are based on the totality of human clinical research, with emphasis on randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. The references below directly support claims made throughout this page.

  1. Fekete ÁA, Givens DI, Lovegrove JA. Casein-derived lactotripeptides reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Nutrients. 2015;7(1):659-81. doi: 10.3390/nu7010659.PubMedUsed to support: Independent meta-analysis from the University of Reading of 30 randomized trials (33 data sets): pooled changes of -2.95 mmHg systolic and -1.51 mmHg diastolic versus control. Reductions were significantly larger in Japanese than in European studies. The effect on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure was not statistically significant, and publication bias and small-study effects were found; allowing for them shrank the systolic effect and made the diastolic effect non-significant.
  2. Qin LQ, Xu JY, Dong JY, Zhao Y, van Bladeren P, Zhang W. Lactotripeptides intake and blood pressure management: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled clinical trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23(5):395-402. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.02.006.PubMedUsed to support: Meta-analysis of 28 trials in 1,919 people: pooled reductions of 1.66 mmHg systolic and 0.76 mmHg diastolic. In trials using 24-hour ambulatory monitoring the reductions were 1.30 mmHg systolic (confidence interval excluding zero) and 0.57 mmHg diastolic (interval including zero). The authors called the effect statistically significant but small in magnitude, and linked its size to baseline blood pressure, ethnicity, trial length and blinding.
  3. Cicero AF, Aubin F, Azais-Braesco V, Borghi C. Do the lactotripeptides isoleucine-proline-proline and valine-proline-proline reduce systolic blood pressure in European subjects? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26(3):442-9. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hps044.PubMedUsed to support: Meta-analysis of 14 trials (15 data sets, 1,306 people) in Europeans: systolic blood pressure fell 1.28 mmHg and diastolic 0.59 mmHg more than placebo, although not every trial was positive on its own. The effect became smaller with age. Two of the four authors received fees from Calpis for performing the analysis.
  4. Chanson-Rolle A, Aubin F, Braesco V, Hamasaki T, Kitakaze M. Influence of the Lactotripeptides Isoleucine-Proline-Proline and Valine-Proline-Proline on Systolic Blood Pressure in Japanese Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0142235. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142235.PubMedUsed to support: Meta-analysis of 18 trials in 1,194 Japanese adults: office systolic blood pressure fell 5.63 mmHg versus placebo, with significant differences between trials; the drop was 8.35 mmHg in people with hypertension and 3.42 mmHg in those without. Three authors were paid by Calpis to perform the review and another received Calpis research funding.
  5. Turpeinen AM, Järvenpää S, Kautiainen H, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Antihypertensive effects of bioactive tripeptides-a random effects meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2013;45(1):51-6. doi: 10.3109/07853890.2012.663926.PubMedUsed to support: Meta-analysis of 19 placebo-controlled trials (about 1,500 people with prehypertension or mild hypertension) of milk products or tablets containing IPP and VPP: pooled changes of -4.0 mmHg systolic and -1.9 mmHg diastolic, though not every trial was positive. The first author is from Valio, which makes fermented milk containing the peptides.
  6. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to isoleucine-proline-proline (IPP) and valine-proline-proline (VPP) and maintenance of normal blood pressure (ID 661, 1831, 1832, 2891, further assessment) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2012;10(6):2715. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2715.SourceUsed to support: Official EU scientific opinion (not PubMed-indexed). The panel noted that 15 human studies, 7 of them adequately powered, found no effect on blood pressure, that 9 of the 10 studies reporting an effect on office systolic pressure had methodological weaknesses, and that there was no convincing evidence for a mechanism in humans at the proposed dose. It concluded that a cause and effect relationship between IPP and VPP and maintenance of normal blood pressure had not been established.
  7. Seppo L, Jauhiainen T, Poussa T, Korpela R. A fermented milk high in bioactive peptides has a blood pressure-lowering effect in hypertensive subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(2):326-30. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/77.2.326.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized placebo-controlled trial from the Valio research centre in 39 adults with hypertension: 150 mL/day of milk fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus LBK-16H for 21 weeks gave home systolic blood pressure 6.7 mmHg lower than the control drink (P = 0.030); the 3.6 mmHg diastolic difference was not significant (P = 0.059).
  8. Hata Y, Yamamoto M, Ohni M, Nakajima K, Nakamura Y, Takano T. A placebo-controlled study of the effect of sour milk on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(5):767-71. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/64.5.767.PubMedUsed to support: Placebo-controlled study in 30 elderly Japanese patients with hypertension, most on blood pressure medication: 95 mL/day of Calpis sour milk (fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus and a yeast) for 8 weeks lowered systolic pressure by 14.1 mmHg from baseline, with no significant change on placebo; the difference between groups was described only as a trend.
  9. van Mierlo LA, Koning MM, van der Zander K, Draijer R. Lactotripeptides do not lower ambulatory blood pressure in untreated whites: results from 2 controlled multicenter crossover studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(2):617-23. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26918.PubMedUsed to support: Two Unilever-run randomized placebo-controlled crossover trials in white adults with untreated raised blood pressure: dairy drinks with 10.2 mg/day of IPP plus VPP (69 people) or 4.6 mg/day with added potassium (93 people) for 4 weeks did not change 24-hour or office blood pressure compared with placebo.
  10. Jauhiainen T, Rönnback M, Vapaatalo H, Wuolle K, Kautiainen H, Groop PH, Korpela R. Long-term intervention with Lactobacillus helveticus fermented milk reduces augmentation index in hypertensive subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(4):424-31. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.3.PubMedUsed to support: Double-blind trial in 89 adults with hypertension: fermented milk supplying 5 mg/day of the tripeptides for 12 weeks, then 50 mg/day for 12 weeks, lowered the augmentation index, a measure of arterial stiffness, by 1.53% while it rose 1.20% on placebo (P = 0.013). Endothelial function and office and 24-hour blood pressure did not differ from placebo. Three authors were Valio employees and Valio supplied the products.
  11. Jauhiainen T, Niittynen L, Orešič M, Järvenpää S, Hiltunen TP, Rönnback M, Vapaatalo H, Korpela R. Effects of long-term intake of lactotripeptides on cardiovascular risk factors in hypertensive subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(7):843-9. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.44.PubMedUsed to support: 24-hour blood pressure report from an 89-person trial in mildly hypertensive adults: 5 mg/day for 3 months did not lower blood pressure, and after 50 mg/day for a further 3 months the differences from placebo (-2.6 mmHg systolic, -1.3 mmHg diastolic) were not statistically significant.
  12. Cicero AF, Rosticci M, Gerocarni B, Bacchelli S, Veronesi M, Strocchi E, Borghi C. Lactotripeptides effect on office and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure, blood pressure stress response, pulse wave velocity and cardiac output in patients with high-normal blood pressure or first-degree hypertension: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Hypertens Res. 2011;34(9):1035-40. doi: 10.1038/hr.2011.92.PubMedUsed to support: Double-blind trial in 52 adults in Italy with high-normal blood pressure or stage 1 hypertension: 3 mg/day of IPP and VPP for 6 weeks lowered office systolic pressure (-5 mmHg) and pulse wave velocity (-0.66 m/s) within the peptide group, with no effect on 24-hour blood pressure or the blood pressure response to stress.
  13. Cicero AF, Colletti A, Rosticci M, Cagnati M, Urso R, Giovannini M, Borghi C, D'Addato S. Effect of Lactotripeptides (Isoleucine-Proline-Proline/Valine-Proline-Proline) on Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness Changes in Subjects with Suboptimal Blood Pressure Control and Metabolic Syndrome: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2016;14(3):161-6. doi: 10.1089/met.2015.0093.PubMedUsed to support: Double-blind crossover trial in 40 adults in Italy with metabolic syndrome: 10.2 mg/day of casein lactotripeptides for 4 weeks lowered office systolic (-3.4 mmHg) and diastolic (-3.1 mmHg) pressure and pulse wave velocity (-0.8 vs -0.1 m/s with placebo), and some 24-hour blood pressure measures improved compared with placebo.
  14. Tomiyama H, Fujii M, Shiina K, Ueda SI, Iwasaki Y, Matsumoto C, Chikamori T. Effects of Lactotripeptide Supplementation on Tele-Monitored Home Blood Pressure and on Vascular and Renal Function in Prehypertension - Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Study. Circ Rep. 2019;1(10):438-444. doi: 10.1253/circrep.CR-19-0061.PubMedUsed to support: Double-blind crossover trial funded by Asahi Calpis Wellness in 26 Japanese adults with prehypertension: after 8 weeks of casein hydrolysate tablets (1.4 mg VPP and 2.0 mg IPP), 7-day home blood pressure was 127/84 mmHg versus 130/86 mmHg after placebo. The change in home diastolic pressure differed between periods (P = 0.04), the change in systolic pressure only marginally (P = 0.10). Vessel function tests, including pulse wave velocity and flow-mediated dilation, did not differ.
  15. Wuerzner G, Peyrard S, Blanchard A, Lalanne F, Azizi M. The lactotripeptides isoleucine-proline-proline and valine-proline-proline do not inhibit the N-terminal or C-terminal angiotensin converting enzyme active sites in humans. J Hypertens. 2009;27(7):1404-9. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832b4759.PubMedUsed to support: In 12 healthy men drinking fermented milk with 4.5 mg IPP and 6.6 mg VPP daily for 7 days, plasma IPP rose only slightly and briefly, VPP stayed below the detection limit, and plasma ACE activity and related markers did not change. The peptides are weak ACE inhibitors in the test tube but did not inhibit ACE in the body at this dose.
  16. Ishida Y, Shibata Y, Fukuhara I, Yano Y, Takehara I, Kaneko K. Effect of an excess intake of casein hydrolysate containing Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro in subjects with normal blood pressure, high-normal blood pressure, or mild hypertension. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2011;75(3):427-33. doi: 10.1271/bbb.100560.PubMedUsed to support: Calpis-run double-blind placebo-controlled safety trial in 48 adults: 5 times the usual amount of casein hydrolysate tablets for 4 weeks caused no sudden or excessive fall in blood pressure and no clinically important adverse events; no blood pressure effect was seen in people with normal blood pressure.
  17. van der Zander K, Bots ML, Bak AA, Koning MM, de Leeuw PW. Enzymatically hydrolyzed lactotripeptides do not lower blood pressure in mildly hypertensive subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(6):1697-702. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26003.PubMedUsed to support: Unilever-run double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled multicenter trial in 275 Dutch adults with hypertension: 10.2 mg/day of enzymatically produced lactotripeptides in a yogurt drink for 8 weeks did not lower systolic (P = 0.66) or diastolic (P = 0.72) blood pressure compared with placebo.
  18. Engberink MF, Schouten EG, Kok FJ, van Mierlo LA, Brouwer IA, Geleijnse JM. Lactotripeptides show no effect on human blood pressure: results from a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Hypertension. 2008;51(2):399-405. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.098988.PubMedUsed to support: Double-blind randomized trial from Wageningen University in 135 Dutch adults with raised systolic pressure and no blood pressure medication: 14 mg/day of IPP plus VPP (from concentrated fermented milk, enzymatic hydrolysis or chemical synthesis) in a dairy drink for 8 weeks did not change office systolic or diastolic pressure compared with placebo, nor home or 24-hour blood pressure, plasma ACE activity or angiotensin II.