Krill Oil

Euphausia superba
Evidence Level
Limited
2 Clinical Trials
6 Documented Benefits
2/5 Evidence Score

Krill oil is extracted from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) — small shrimp-like crustaceans that are foundation of Southern Ocean food web. Distinguished from fish oil by EPA/DHA bound to phospholipids (rather than triglycerides) — a form that raised the omega-3 index more than fish oil in one crossover trial of 24 healthy volunteers. Also contains naturally-occurring astaxanthin (red carotenoid antioxidant). Higher cost than fish oil; smaller per-capsule EPA/DHA content; better tolerability and absorption claims. Sustainability and ecosystem concerns about Antarctic krill harvesting.

Studied Dose 600 mg of n-3 PUFA per treatment from krill oil for 4 weeks in the one cited trial. The 1-3 g/day krill oil range quoted elsewhere carries no reference.
Active Compound Phospholipid-bound EPA and DHA + astaxanthin

Benefits

Better Bioavailability vs Fish Oil (Phospholipid Form)

EPA and DHA in krill oil are bound to phospholipids rather than to the triglycerides found in fish oil. The single reference on this page is a double-blind randomized crossover trial in 24 healthy volunteers, 600 mg of n-3 PUFA per treatment, 4 weeks per phase with an 8-week washout. Krill oil raised the omega-3 index in plasma and red blood cells more than fish oil did. The omega-3 index is a blood biomarker of omega-3 status, not a health outcome, and whether that difference allows a lower effective dose was not tested.

Improved GI Tolerability

Uncited on this page. The one reference here measured the omega-3 index only and did not record reflux, aftertaste or digestive symptoms. Better tolerability is a widely reported user impression, not a finding from the evidence cited.

Triglyceride Reduction

Uncited on this page. The lipid results described here come from a trial card with no reference attached, so none of them can be checked against a source. The one cited study measured the omega-3 index, a surrogate blood marker, and did not measure triglycerides or any other lipid or cardiovascular outcome.

Astaxanthin Co-Delivery

Krill oil naturally contains astaxanthin, the red carotenoid that gives krill their color, and it helps protect the oil from oxidation. No reference on this page measured astaxanthin content, antioxidant status, or any skin or eye outcome. Astaxanthin content varies by product, and the figures commonly quoted for it are not verified by anything cited here.

Joint Comfort (Not Supported by the Evidence Cited Here)

No trial of joint pain appears among the references on this page, and nothing cited here measured any joint outcome. Joint comfort should be treated as unsupported by the evidence listed on this page.

Menstrual Comfort (Not Supported by the Evidence Cited Here)

No such trial appears among the references on this page, and nothing cited here measured menstrual symptoms. The prostaglandin explanation is a proposed mechanism rather than a result from any study listed here.

Mechanism of action

1

Phospholipid vs Triglyceride EPA/DHA

In krill oil, EPA and DHA are esterified to phospholipid backbone (mostly phosphatidylcholine) — vs triglyceride backbone in fish oil. Phospholipid-bound omega-3s are absorbed via different pathway — better pancreatic lipase digestion, formation of mixed micelles, possibly direct lymphatic uptake. Result: higher omega-3 index per gram of EPA/DHA consumed.

2

Astaxanthin Antioxidant Activity

Astaxanthin (the red carotenoid that gives krill/salmon their color) is commonly described as having stronger antioxidant activity than other carotenoids, and it is active in both lipid and water phases. It protects krill oil from oxidation. No study cited on this page measured antioxidant status or any health effect of astaxanthin in people.

3

Choline Co-Delivery

Phosphatidylcholine in krill oil provides ~14% choline by weight — modest choline supplementation alongside omega-3s.

4

Same Underlying Omega-3 Mechanisms

Once absorbed, EPA and DHA from krill oil have same fundamental mechanisms as from fish oil — eicosanoid modulation, membrane composition, etc.

Clinical trials

1
Krill Oil for Hyperlipidemia

Reported as a trial of krill oil (1-3 g/day) versus fish oil versus placebo in 120 people with high blood lipids over 90 days. Uncited: no reference on this page supports this card, so the design, the participant count, the duration and the results below cannot be traced to a source. The people described were also a clinical population with diagnosed high blood lipids rather than general users.

Reported as 120 people with high blood lipids. Uncited, so the number cannot be verified.

Reported as lower total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides and higher HDL. No reference is attached to this card, so none of those results can be verified, and nothing here establishes krill oil as an effective lipid intervention. Industry-sponsored study (limitation).

2
Krill Oil Bioavailability

Double-blind randomized crossover trial comparing krill oil with fish oil at 600 mg of n-3 PUFA per treatment, 4 weeks per phase with an 8-week washout, measuring the omega-3 index in plasma and red blood cells.

24 healthy volunteers.

Krill oil produced a greater rise in the omega-3 index, measured in plasma and red blood cells, than fish oil. The omega-3 index is a blood biomarker of omega-3 status. No cardiovascular, lipid or other clinical outcome was measured, and 24 healthy volunteers over 4 weeks is a small, short comparison.

Side effects and drug interactions

Common Potential side effects

Often reported as better tolerated than fish oil, though no study cited on this page measured tolerability.
Mild GI distress.
Fishy aftertaste, commonly reported as milder than with fish oil, though this was not measured in the cited study.
Shellfish allergy — krill are crustaceans; avoid with shellfish allergy (especially shrimp, crab, lobster allergy — cross-reactive).
Bleeding risk theoretical at high doses (similar to fish oil).
Astaxanthin may modify carotenoid absorption.
Pink/red discoloration of capsules — normal (astaxanthin).

Important Drug interactions

Same as fish oil generally.
Anticoagulants — additive bleeding risk; monitor.
Antiplatelets — additive bleeding risk.
Pre-surgery — discontinue 1-2 weeks before with high-dose use.
Shellfish allergy — cross-reactive; avoid.
Pregnancy — limited specific safety data; fish oil more established for pregnancy use.

Frequently asked questions about Krill Oil

What is krill oil, and how is it different from fish oil?

Krill oil is an omega-3 supplement from Antarctic krill (tiny shrimp-like crustaceans). Its EPA and DHA are bound to phospholipids rather than triglycerides as in fish oil, which may improve absorption, and it naturally contains the antioxidant astaxanthin.

Is krill oil better than fish oil?

Krill oil's phospholipid-bound omega-3s may absorb somewhat better per milligram, and users often report fewer fishy burps, though no study cited on this page measured taste or digestive comfort. It usually provides less total EPA and DHA per capsule and costs more. The one trial cited here compared blood omega-3 levels only, so the choice comes down to cost, capsule count and personal tolerance.

How much krill oil should I take?

Look at the EPA and DHA content; products vary. Typical servings provide a few hundred milligrams of omega-3s. Take it with a meal for absorption. For higher omega-3 doses, fish or algae oil may be more economical.

Is krill oil safe?

Krill oil is generally well tolerated and often gentler on the stomach than fish oil. Because it is shellfish-derived, those with shellfish allergies should avoid it. Like other omega-3 oils it may have mild blood-thinning activity, so check with your doctor if you take anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs, or if you have surgery coming up.

What is Krill Oil?

Krill oil is extracted from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) — small shrimp-like crustaceans that are foundation of Southern Ocean food web. Distinguished from fish oil by EPA/DHA bound to phospholipids (rather than triglycerides) — a form that raised the omega-3 index more than fish oil in one crossover trial of 24…

What is Krill Oil used for?

Krill Oil is researched primarily for Cardiovascular. EPA and DHA in krill oil are bound to phospholipids rather than to the triglycerides found in fish oil. The single reference on this page is a double-blind randomized crossover trial in 24 healthy volunteers, 600 mg of n-3 PUFA per treatmen…

What is the recommended dosage of Krill Oil?

The clinically studied dose is 600 mg of n-3 PUFA per treatment from krill oil for 4 weeks in the one cited trial. The 1-3 g/day krill oil range quoted elsewhere carries no reference. Always follow the product label and check with a healthcare provider for personal advice.

Is Krill Oil safe, and does it have side effects?

For most healthy adults, Krill Oil is well tolerated at studied doses. Reported effects can include: Often reported as better tolerated than fish oil, though no study cited on this page measured tolerability. Mild GI distress. It may also interact with some medications. Krill Oil is not right for everyone, so check with a healthcare provider first if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, have a medical condition, or take prescription medication.

Does Krill Oil interact with any medications?

Possible interactions include: Same as fish oil generally. Anticoagulants — additive bleeding risk; monitor. If you take prescription medication, check with a pharmacist or doctor before using it.

How strong is the scientific evidence for Krill Oil?

NutraSmarts rates the evidence for Krill Oil as Limited (2 out of 5). It is backed by 2 clinical trials and 1 cited reference summarized on this page. A higher rating reflects more, larger, and better-designed human studies.

References(1 citations)

Evidence ratings on NutraSmarts are based on the totality of human clinical research, with emphasis on randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. The references below directly support claims made throughout this page.

  1. Ramprasath VR, Eyal I, Zchut S, et al. Enhanced increase of omega-3 index in healthy individuals with response to 4-week n-3 fatty acid supplementation from krill oil versus fish oil. Lipids Health Dis. 2013;12:178..PubMedUsed to support: Randomized crossover trial in 24 healthy volunteers showing krill oil raised the omega-3 index, a blood biomarker of omega-3 status, more than fish oil over 4 weeks. No clinical outcome was measured.