Home Ingredients Galantamine (Snowdrop Alkaloid)

Galantamine (Snowdrop Alkaloid)

Evidence Level
Limited
7 Clinical Trials
5 Documented Benefits
2/5 Evidence Score

Galantamine is an alkaloid first isolated from snowdrop (Galanthus) and also found in daffodils (Narcissus) and snowflakes (Leucojum). It is a prescription drug: the US FDA approved it in 2001 for mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer type, and it is prescription-only in the UK. The original US brand, Razadyne, was discontinued for reasons not related to safety; generics remain prescription-only. Galantamine blocks acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine. It is also sold online as a supplement, often with less than the labeled amount. There is no evidence that it improves memory in healthy people; small studies found no gain or slower working memory. One trial in people practicing a lucid-dream technique found more lucid dreams after 4 or 8 mg. At prescription doses nausea and vomiting are common, and the label warns of slow heart rate, heart block and fainting.

Studied Dose Prescription dosing (US label): 4 mg twice daily with meals, raised after at least 4 weeks to 8 mg, then 12 mg, twice daily (16 to 24 mg/day). Healthy-volunteer studies used single 4 to 8 mg doses; the lucid dream trial took 4 or 8 mg about 4.5 hours into the night.
Active Compound Galantamine, a tertiary alkaloid that reversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase (prescription tablets contain it as galantamine hydrobromide).

Benefits

Lucid dream frequency after a dose taken during the night

In a double-blind crossover trial, 121 adults with good dream recall woke about 4.5 hours into the night, took galantamine or placebo, then practiced a lucid-dream technique. Lucid dreams were reported by 14% on placebo, 27% on 4 mg and 42% on 8 mg. About 1 in 10 reported mild side effects on each active dose, mainly stomach upset or trouble falling back asleep.

Supported by Trial 1

Dream recall and dream vividness

In the same trial, galantamine nights brought better dream recall and more vivid, complex dreams than placebo nights. A separate eight-night home study (35 completers) paired galantamine with meditation and rehearsal of a distressing dream; its abstract reports no effect sizes. Both enrolled self-selected people interested in dreaming.

Supported by Trial 2, Trial 1

Memory and attention in healthy adults

Studies in healthy people do not show a memory boost. In one placebo-controlled EEG study, a single 8 mg dose slowed working-memory retrieval and weakened next-day recognition. In 18 healthy adults aged 59 to 75, a single 8 mg dose had no overall effect on a working-memory task. In 60 daily smokers, 8 or 16 mg/day did not change cognitive performance.

Supported by Trial 4, Trial 3

Prescription use under medical supervision

Galantamine's established use is as a prescription drug. A systematic review of 21 placebo-controlled trials (10,990 people, two of them in mild cognitive impairment) found that in Alzheimer-type dementia 16 to 24 mg/day slowed decline in cognition, daily function and behavior over six months; nausea affected 21% vs 8% on placebo. This is drug evidence in diagnosed patients, not a supplement effect.

Supported by Trial 6, Trial 7

Long-term use in older adults with measurable memory loss

Two 2-year trials in 2,048 older adults with mild cognitive impairment found that galantamine 16 to 24 mg/day did not slow progression to dementia. Nausea affected 29% vs 10% on placebo, and more deaths were recorded on galantamine (13 vs 1), although a follow-up analysis was consistent with no increased risk. Reviewers found no evidence supporting its use in this group.

Supported by Trial 6

Mechanism of action

1

Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibition

Galantamine is a competitive, reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, so acetylcholine lingers longer at nerve endings. The same action in the gut, heart and airways explains the nausea, slow heart rate and breathing warnings on the label. The label states there is no evidence it alters the course of the underlying dementing process.

2

Nicotinic receptor modulation is disputed

Galantamine was long described as also boosting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (allosteric modulation). An electrophysiology study of human alpha4beta2 and alpha7 receptors expressed in frog eggs and cultured cells found no such boosting at 10 nM to 1 μM, and channel blocking at 10 μM and above. This is laboratory work.

3

Fast, nearly complete absorption and a short half-life

Per the US label, about 90% of an oral dose is absorbed, peak levels arrive in about 1 hour, and the terminal half-life is about 7 hours. It is cleared partly unchanged in urine and partly by the liver enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, which is why kidney or liver impairment and some drugs raise blood levels.

Clinical trials

1
Galantamine and Lucid Dreaming: 121-Person Double-Blind Crossover
PubMed

Double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover over 3 consecutive nights during a lucid-dreaming workshop; each participant took 0, 4 and 8 mg in counterbalanced order after waking about 4.5 hours after lights out, stayed up at least 30 minutes, then practiced the Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams technique. (LaBerge et al. 2018, PLoS One)

121 analyzed adults aged 19 to 75 (63 men, 58 women) with high dream recall and an interest in lucid dreaming; people with asthma, beta-blocker use, severe mental illness or heart arrhythmias were excluded.

Lucid dreams were reported by 14% on the placebo night, 27% on 4 mg (odds ratio 2.29) and 42% on 8 mg (odds ratio 4.46). Dream recall, sensory vividness and complexity also rose. Mild side effects were reported by 11 (9%) on 4 mg and 12 (10%) on 8 mg vs 4 (3%) on placebo: stomach upset, insomnia and next-day fatigue; one person withdrew because of nausea. Participants were self-selected from lucid-dreaming workshops run by the Lucidity Institute, where the first two authors work; the paper declares no competing interests.

2
Galantamine With Meditation and Dream Reliving: 8-Night Home Study
PubMed

Experimental home study comparing six night conditions, including waking for 40 minutes before returning to bed, meditation with imagined reliving of a distressing dream, and each of these with placebo or galantamine. (Sparrow et al. 2018, Conscious Cogn)

35 participants who completed an eight-night protocol at home.

Outcomes were self-rated lucidity, reflectiveness, interactive behavior, fear and threat in dreams. The abstract reports only that the results support using the protocol in further studies and gives no effect sizes or side-effect data. Small and self-rated.

3
Single-Dose Galantamine and Working Memory in Healthy Older Adults: Crossover
PubMed

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover testing one 8 mg extended-release dose on a delayed match-to-sample working memory task, with basal forebrain volume on MRI as a predictor. (Müller et al. 2021, Alzheimers Dement (N Y))

18 healthy adults aged 59 to 75 without regular medication.

A single dose had no overall effect on hit rates, correct rejections, reaction times, filtering or memory scores. When participants were split by brain-region volume, filtering of distracting information improved in people with larger basal forebrain volume and worsened in those with smaller volume. A one-dose laboratory task in 18 people.

4
Galantamine 8 mg and Working Memory in Healthy Volunteers: EEG Study
PubMed

Within-subject, placebo-controlled EEG study of a single 8 mg dose before a Sternberg working memory task, with recognition memory tested the next day. (Eckart et al. 2016, Neuroimage)

Healthy volunteers (the abstract does not state the number).

Galantamine slowed retrieval speed during the working memory task, reduced alpha brain-wave power and impaired familiarity-based recognition the next day. The authors concluded that stimulating the healthy cholinergic system impairs working memory and later recognition.

5
Galantamine in Daily Smokers: Cognitive Performance Placebo-Controlled RCT
PubMed

Double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial of extended-release galantamine 8 or 16 mg/day for 7 weeks; this report covers the 4-week period before a quit attempt, with laboratory and real-life cognitive testing. (MacLean et al. 2018, Hum Psychopharmacol)

60 otherwise healthy daily smokers seeking treatment.

Galantamine did not significantly affect cognitive performance in the laboratory or in daily life. It reduced smoking in a laboratory choice task and lowered urine cotinine, but not self-reported cigarettes. The authors judged it unlikely that galantamine improves cognitive performance in otherwise healthy smokers.

6
Galantamine in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Two 2-Year RCTs
PubMed

Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trials of galantamine 16 to 24 mg/day for 24 months, with conversion to dementia as the primary endpoint. (Winblad et al. 2008, Neurology)

2,048 adults with mild cognitive impairment without dementia (990 in Study 1, 1,058 in Study 2).

Conversion to dementia did not differ from placebo in either study (22.9% vs 22.6%; 25.4% vs 31.2%). Nausea affected 29% vs 10%, and serious adverse events occurred in 19% of each group. Mortality at 24 months, after vital status was retrieved for 98.3% of participants, was 1.4% on galantamine vs 0.3% on placebo (relative risk 1.70, 95% CI 1.00 to 2.90); the authors said a post hoc analysis was consistent with no increased risk, while the US label lists 13 vs 1 deaths as a warning.

7
Galantamine in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: 653-Patient RCT
PubMed

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group trial at 86 outpatient clinics in Europe and Canada; the dose was escalated over 3 to 4 weeks to 24 or 32 mg/day, assessed at six months. (Wilcock et al. 2000, BMJ)

653 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.

At six months the cognitive subscale score was better than placebo by 2.9 points (24 mg/day) and 3.1 points (32 mg/day), with better clinician-rated global change; the higher dose also improved a daily-function scale. 80% completed. This is prescription-drug evidence in diagnosed patients, not evidence for healthy users.

Side effects and drug interactions

Common Potential side effects

This is a prescription drug. In pooled placebo-controlled trials of 3,956 patients, the most common adverse reactions were nausea (20.7% vs 5.5% on placebo), vomiting (10.5% vs 2.3%), dizziness, decreased appetite, diarrhea, headache and weight loss; 10.6% stopped because of side effects vs 2.2% on placebo.
Heart: the US label warns that everyone taking galantamine should be considered at risk of slow heart rate (bradycardia) and heart block, including people with no known heart problem. Fainting (syncope) was dose related: 0.7% on placebo, 0.4% at 4 mg, 1.3% at 8 mg and 2.2% at 12 mg twice daily. In a drug-interaction study one healthy volunteer was hospitalized with second and third degree heart block and bradycardia.
Serious skin reactions (Stevens-Johnson syndrome and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis) have been reported; the label says to stop at the first sign of a rash unless it is clearly unrelated.
The label also warns of possible stomach bleeding (it raises stomach acid; take care with an ulcer history or NSAID use), breathing problems in people with severe asthma or obstructive lung disease, seizures, and bladder outflow obstruction.
Kidney or liver impairment raises blood levels: the label caps the dose at 16 mg/day in moderate impairment and advises against use in severe impairment.
Overdose causes a cholinergic crisis (severe nausea, vomiting, sweating, slow heart rate, low blood pressure, breathing trouble, convulsions). In one report, accidentally taking 32 mg in a day led to a dangerous heart rhythm (torsades de pointes) and brief loss of consciousness.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding: rat studies found developmental effects (skeletal variations) at doses above the maximum human dose, with no effect at about the human dose, and there are no adequate human data; do not use without medical advice.
In the lucid dream trial (4 or 8 mg once), about 1 in 10 people reported mild stomach upset, insomnia or next-day fatigue. Products sold online as supplements are not the FDA-approved tablets: when 10 brands sold on Amazon were tested, galantamine content ranged from under 2% to 110% of the label, only 1 was within 10% of it, and 3 carried Bacillus cereus with diarrhea-toxin genes, while all 11 generic drugs were within 10%.

Important Drug interactions

Anticholinergic medicines (for example some bladder, allergy and older antidepressant drugs): the label warns that galantamine can interfere with their activity, since the two act on acetylcholine in opposite directions.
Other cholinesterase inhibitors (such as donepezil or rivastigmine) and cholinergic drugs such as bethanechol: the label expects a synergistic effect, and huperzine A works the same way; do not combine without a prescriber.
Succinylcholine and similar muscle relaxants used in anesthesia: galantamine is likely to exaggerate their effect. Tell your surgeon and anesthesiologist if you take it.
Drugs that slow the heart (beta blockers, digoxin, certain calcium channel blockers, amiodarone): the UK prescribing information warns of a possible interaction; take care too with drugs that can cause torsades de pointes.
CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 inhibitors raise galantamine levels: paroxetine increased its bioavailability by about 40% and ketoconazole its exposure by 30%, and fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, amitriptyline and quinidine reduced its clearance by about 25 to 33%.
NSAID painkillers: the label advises watching for stomach bleeding when they are used with galantamine.

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Frequently asked questions about Galantamine (Snowdrop Alkaloid)

Is galantamine a dietary supplement or a drug?

It is a drug. The US FDA approved galantamine as a prescription medicine in 2001, and it is prescription-only in the UK. The original US brand, Razadyne, was discontinued for reasons FDA found were not related to safety, and generic tablets are still prescribed. Galantamine sold online in memory or lucid-dreaming products is not the FDA-approved product, and in lab tests of 10 such supplements only 1 held within 10% of its labeled amount.

Does galantamine improve memory in healthy people?

The evidence says no. In healthy volunteers, a single 8 mg dose slowed working memory and weakened next-day recognition in one study and had no overall effect in 18 older adults in another, and weeks of 8 or 16 mg/day did not change cognitive performance in 60 smokers. Even in older adults with measurable memory loss, two 2-year trials found it did not slow progression to dementia.

Does galantamine cause lucid dreams?

One double-blind trial in 121 people practicing a lucid-dream technique found more lucid dreams after taking 4 or 8 mg in the middle of the night (27% and 42% vs 14% on placebo). People with asthma, heart rhythm problems or beta-blocker use were excluded, and about 1 in 10 had mild side effects. There are no long-term safety data for this use.

Where does galantamine come from?

It was originally isolated from the green snowdrop (Galanthus woronowii) and is also found in other plants of the daffodil family, including Narcissus and Leucojum species. Before it reached Western markets as a dementia drug, it was used in Eastern Europe, especially Bulgaria.

Who should not take galantamine without a doctor?

Anyone with a slow or irregular heartbeat, fainting episodes, asthma or obstructive lung disease, a stomach ulcer history, seizures, bladder outflow problems, or kidney or liver impairment, and anyone who is pregnant or breastfeeding. People taking heart-slowing drugs, anticholinergics or other cholinesterase inhibitors, or facing surgery with anesthesia, also need medical advice first.

What is galantamine used for?

In the US and UK galantamine is a prescription medicine for mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer type, and that is its only approved use. Online it is also promoted for memory and lucid dreaming. Studies in healthy people found no memory gain, and the lucid dream evidence comes from one trial in volunteers practicing a lucid-dream technique.

Is galantamine safe, and does it have side effects?

Galantamine is a prescription drug and should be used only under medical supervision. In patient trials nausea (about 21% vs 6% on placebo) and vomiting were the most common problems, and the label warns that anyone taking it is at risk of slow heart rate and heart block, with fainting more common at higher doses. Serious skin reactions, stomach bleeding, breathing problems in severe asthma and seizures are also on the label.

What doses of galantamine have been studied?

There is no supplement dose. A prescriber sets the dose: the US label starts at 4 mg twice daily with meals and raises it, at least 4 weeks apart, to 8 mg and then 12 mg twice daily, with a 16 mg/day cap in moderate kidney or liver impairment. The lucid dream trial used one 4 or 8 mg dose, which does not establish a safe pattern for self-dosing.

How strong is the scientific evidence for galantamine?

The 2 out of 5 rating covers uses outside prescription care. It rests mainly on one double-blind lucid dream trial in 121 self-selected volunteers, while memory studies in healthy adults found no benefit. Evidence for galantamine as a prescription drug in Alzheimer-type dementia is much stronger, but that is drug evidence in diagnosed patients and is not what this rating describes.

What is Galantamine?

Galantamine is an alkaloid first isolated from snowdrop (Galanthus) and also found in daffodils (Narcissus) and snowflakes (Leucojum). It is a prescription drug: the US FDA approved it in 2001 for mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer type, and it is prescription-only in the UK.

Does Galantamine interact with any medications?

Possible interactions include: Anticholinergic medicines (for example some bladder, allergy and older antidepressant drugs): the label warns that galantamine can interfere with their activity, since the two act on acetylcholine in opposite directions. If you take prescription medication, check with a pharmacist or doctor before using it.

References(14 citations)

Evidence ratings on NutraSmarts are based on the totality of human clinical research, with emphasis on randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. The references below directly support claims made throughout this page.

  1. LaBerge S, LaMarca K, Baird B. Pre-sleep treatment with galantamine stimulates lucid dreaming: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0201246. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201246.PubMedUsed to support: Double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover in 121 adults with high dream recall attending a lucid-dreaming workshop: after waking about 4.5 hours into the night, 4 mg and 8 mg galantamine raised the share reporting a lucid dream to 27% and 42%, versus 14% on placebo, and increased dream recall and vividness. Mild side effects (stomach upset, insomnia, next-day fatigue) were reported by about 10% on active doses vs 3% on placebo.
  2. Sparrow G, Hurd R, Carlson R, Molina A. Exploring the effects of galantamine paired with meditation and dream reliving on recalled dreams: Toward an integrated protocol for lucid dream induction and nightmare resolution. Conscious Cogn. 2018;63:74-88. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.05.012.PubMedUsed to support: Eight-night home study in 35 completers comparing wake-back-to-bed and meditation with dream reliving, each with placebo or galantamine, on self-rated dream lucidity and responses. The abstract states only that the results support further study of the protocol and reports no effect sizes.
  3. Müller P, Vellage AK, Schmicker M, Menze I, Grothe MJ, Teipel SJ, Müller NG. Structural MRI of the basal forebrain as predictor of cognitive response to galantamine in healthy older adults-A randomized controlled double-blinded crossover study. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2021;7(1):e12153. doi: 10.1002/trc2.12153.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized, double-blind crossover in 18 healthy adults aged 59 to 75: a single 8 mg dose had no overall effect on working memory measures; the effect on filtering out distraction depended on basal forebrain volume, improving in people with larger volume and worsening in those with smaller volume.
  4. Eckart C, Woźniak-Kwaśniewska A, Herweg NA, Fuentemilla L, Bunzeck N. Acetylcholine modulates human working memory and subsequent familiarity based recognition via alpha oscillations. Neuroimage. 2016;137:61-69. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.049.PubMedUsed to support: Within-subject, placebo-controlled EEG study in healthy volunteers: a single 8 mg dose of galantamine slowed working memory retrieval, reduced alpha power and impaired next-day familiarity-based recognition.
  5. MacLean RR, Waters AJ, Brede E, Sofuoglu M. Effects of galantamine on smoking behavior and cognitive performance in treatment-seeking smokers prior to a quit attempt. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2018;33(4):e2665. doi: 10.1002/hup.2665.PubMedUsed to support: Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 60 otherwise healthy daily smokers randomized to extended-release galantamine 8 or 16 mg/day or placebo: galantamine did not significantly change cognitive performance, while it reduced smoking in a laboratory choice task and lowered urine cotinine.
  6. Winblad B, Gauthier S, Scinto L, Feldman H, Wilcock GK, Truyen L, Mayorga AJ, Wang D, Brashear HR, Nye JS, GAL-INT-11/18 Study Group. Safety and efficacy of galantamine in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Neurology. 2008;70(22):2024-35. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000303815.69777.26.PubMedUsed to support: Two 24-month randomized, placebo-controlled trials in 2,048 people with mild cognitive impairment: galantamine 16 to 24 mg/day did not reduce conversion to dementia. Nausea 29% vs 10%. Mortality at 24 months with vital status retrieved for 98.3% was 1.4% vs 0.3% (RR 1.70, 95% CI 1.00 to 2.90); the authors reported that a post hoc analysis was consistent with no increased risk. Secondary measures were inconsistent: CDR sum of boxes declined less on galantamine in Study 1 but not Study 2.
  7. Wilcock GK, Lilienfeld S, Gaens E. Efficacy and safety of galantamine in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: multicentre randomised controlled trial. Galantamine International-1 Study Group. BMJ. 2000;321(7274):1445-9. doi: 10.1136/bmj.321.7274.1445.PubMedUsed to support: Six-month randomized, double-blind trial in 653 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease at 86 clinics in Europe and Canada: galantamine 24 or 32 mg/day improved the cognitive subscale score versus placebo by 2.9 and 3.1 points, with better global ratings. Prescription-drug evidence in diagnosed patients.
  8. Lim AWY, Schneider L, Loy C. Galantamine for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024;11(11):CD001747. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001747.pub4.PubMedUsed to support: Cochrane review of 21 placebo-controlled trials (10,990 participants): in Alzheimer-type dementia, 16 to 24 mg/day slowed decline in cognition, function and behavior at six months (high certainty), with more nausea (20.9% vs 8.4%) and dropouts. In mild cognitive impairment, two 2-year trials showed no cognitive benefit; the authors found no evidence supporting its use in that group.
  9. Kowal NM, Ahring PK, Liao VWY, Indurti DC, Harvey BS, O'Connor SM, Chebib M, Olafsdottir ES, Balle T. Galantamine is not a positive allosteric modulator of human α4β2 or α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 2018;175(14):2911-2925. doi: 10.1111/bph.14329.PubMedUsed to support: Laboratory electrophysiology on human alpha4beta2 and alpha7 nicotinic receptors in frog oocytes and HEK293 cells: galantamine showed no agonist or positive modulatory effect at 10 nM to 1 μM and blocked the channels at 10 μM and above. Notes the alkaloid was originally isolated from the green snowdrop Galanthus woronowii.
  10. Heinrich M, Lee Teoh H. Galanthamine from snowdrop--the development of a modern drug against Alzheimer's disease from local Caucasian knowledge. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;92(2-3):147-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.012.PubMedUsed to support: Review tracing galanthamine from several Amaryllidaceae plants (Leucojum, Narcissus and Galanthus species), from observations in the Caucasus Mountains to its use in Eastern Europe, especially Bulgaria, for poliomyelitis, and then to Western markets for Alzheimer's disease.
  11. Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC (US prescribing information, accessed 2026). Galantamine tablets, USP: full prescribing information (DailyMed label, ANDA077604). DailyMed, US National Library of Medicine. 2026;Label updated June 1, 2026; Highlights revised 7/2025. Initial US approval 2001..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed; FDA-approved human prescription drug label. Indication: mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer type; dosing 4 mg twice daily up to 12 mg twice daily with meals. Warnings: serious skin reactions, bradycardia and heart block in all patients, dose-related syncope, stomach bleeding, bladder outflow obstruction, seizures, asthma or obstructive lung disease, and 13 vs 1 deaths in two 2-year MCI trials. Interactions with anticholinergics, succinylcholine, other cholinesterase inhibitors and CYP2D6/CYP3A4 inhibitors; pooled adverse reaction rates; overdose reports; pharmacokinetics.
  12. US Food and Drug Administration (accessed 2026). Drugs@FDA: Razadyne (galantamine hydrobromide), NDA 021169. Drugs@FDA. 2026;Original approval 02/28/2001 (Janssen); marketing status Discontinued..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed; FDA approval database. Razadyne tablets were approved on 28 February 2001 and are now listed as discontinued, with a Federal Register determination that they were not discontinued or withdrawn for safety or effectiveness reasons.
  13. KRKA, d.d. (UK Summary of Product Characteristics, accessed 2026). Galantamine Krka 8 mg prolonged-release capsules, hard: Summary of Product Characteristics. electronic medicines compendium (emc). 2022;Date of revision of the text 16/09/2022..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed; UK prescribing information. Legal category: prescription only medicine. Section 4.5 warns of a possible pharmacodynamic interaction with medicines that significantly reduce heart rate, such as digoxin, beta blockers, certain calcium channel blockers and amiodarone, and advises caution with medicines that can cause torsades de pointes.
  14. Cohen PA, Jacobs B, Van Hoorde K, Vanhee C. Accuracy of Labeling of Galantamine Generic Drugs and Dietary Supplements. JAMA. 2024;331(11):974-976. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.0328.PubMedUsed to support: Research letter: 10 galantamine supplements bought on Amazon.com in June 2023 contained from less than 2% to 110% of their labeled galantamine, with only 1 within 10% of the label; 3 were contaminated with Bacillus cereus carrying diarrheal enterotoxin genes. All 11 US generic immediate-release galantamine drugs held 97.5% to 104.2% of the labeled amount and were uncontaminated. Several supplements were marketed for memory, dream recall or lucid dream induction.