Home Ingredients DMAA (1,3-Dimethylamylamine)

DMAA (1,3-Dimethylamylamine)

Evidence Level
Preliminary
7 Clinical Trials
4 Documented Benefits
1/5 Evidence Score

DMAA (1,3-dimethylamylamine, also called methylhexanamine or geranamine) is a synthetic stimulant, once approved as a nasal decongestant drug and later sold in pre-workout and fat-burner products, often labeled as geranium extract. The US FDA states that DMAA is not a dietary ingredient, that supplements containing it are illegal, and that it can raise blood pressure and lead to heart problems. Health Canada treats it as an unauthorized drug, the US military bars it, and the World Anti-Doping Agency bans it in competition. Independent laboratories have not found DMAA in authenticated geranium plants or oils. Case reports describe cerebral hemorrhage and cardiac arrest in users, though they cannot prove cause. Small studies, most funded by a DMAA maker, found blood pressure rising after single doses but little change at rest over 2 to 12 weeks. No safe dose has been established.

Studied Dose Single oral doses of 25, 50 or 75 mg; 50 mg a day for 12 weeks; finished DMAA products for 2 to 10 weeks. No safe dose is established, and the FDA considers DMAA unlawful in dietary supplements.
Active Compound 1,3-Dimethylamylamine (4-methylhexan-2-amine; methylhexanamine), a synthetic aliphatic amine stimulant. Label synonyms include 1,3-dimethylpentylamine, geranamine, and Pelargonium graveolens or geranium extract.

Benefits

Blood pressure and heart rate after single doses of 50 or 75 mg

In a double-blind crossover trial, 10 healthy young adults took DMAA 50 or 75 mg, caffeine 250 mg, or both. Heart rate did not change, but systolic and diastolic blood pressure rose, generally with dose. The largest rise, about 20% systolic and 17% diastolic, came 60 minutes after caffeine plus 75 mg. No benefit outcome was measured.

Supported by Trial 1, Trial 4

Absorption and clearance of a single 25 mg dose

In 8 men given one 25 mg oral dose (7 analyzed), blood levels peaked at about 70 ng/mL 3 to 5 hours later and the half-life was about 8.5 hours. Resting heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature were largely unaffected at this dose. The study was funded by a DMAA product maker that also supplied the capsules.

Supported by Trial 2, Trial 1

Resting blood pressure and blood tests over 10 to 12 weeks

In 50 young men, 50 mg a day of DMAA, with or without 250 mg caffeine, for 12 weeks did not change resting blood pressure, ECG or blood tests versus placebo; groups held 11 to 14 men. In a 10 week trial of a DMAA pre-workout product in 25 men, systolic pressure rose about 6 mmHg, a difference that was not significant. Both came from one university laboratory, and the 10 week trial was funded by the maker.

Supported by Trial 1, Trial 5

Finished pre-workout and fat-burner products over 2 weeks

Thirteen healthy adults took one of two DMAA plus caffeine products daily for 2 weeks with no comparison group. Resting heart rate and blood pressure did not rise, but after a dose, blood pressure measures rose about 5 to 15% at 60 to 90 minutes (significant only for systolic with one product), and fasting blood sugar rose with one product. The products contained several other ingredients, and the maker partly funded the study.

Supported by Trial 4, Trial 1

Mechanism of action

1

Releases the body's own noradrenaline

In anesthetized rats, DMAA raised heart rate and blood pressure over the same dose range, and both effects were greatly reduced when the sympathetic nerves were chemically destroyed. It caused almost no direct contraction of isolated aorta. This points to an indirect action through noradrenaline released from nerve endings. These are animal findings.

2

Narrows blood vessels and raises blood pressure

The FDA describes DMAA as narrowing blood vessels and arteries, which can raise blood pressure. In people, single doses raised systolic and diastolic pressure without raising heart rate, and the rise was not explained by blood levels of noradrenaline or adrenaline. New Zealand clinicians reporting bleeding in the brain called it a potent pressor agent.

Clinical trials

1
Single Doses of DMAA With and Without Caffeine: Blood Pressure Crossover
PubMed

Double-blind, randomized crossover study of single oral doses of DMAA (sold as geranamine) and caffeine, alone and combined, from a University of Memphis laboratory whose other DMAA studies disclose funding from the maker USPlabs. (Bloomer et al. 2011, Phys Sportsmed)

10 healthy young men and women, each tested on 5 days after an overnight fast.

Heart rate did not change with any condition. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and rate pressure product rose with DMAA, generally with dose, peaking about 20% (systolic) and 17% (diastolic) above baseline 60 minutes after caffeine 250 mg plus DMAA 75 mg. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline were relatively unaffected. Measured over 2 hours only.

2
Pharmacokinetics of a Single 25 mg Oral Dose (maker-funded)
PubMed

Open single-dose pharmacokinetic study (NCT01765933) funded by USPlabs, which supplied the 25 mg capsules and was consulted in the design. (Schilling et al. 2013, BMC Pharmacol Toxicol)

8 healthy men after an overnight fast; one was excluded for abnormal DMAA levels, leaving 7.

Oral clearance was about 20 L per hour, volume of distribution about 236 L and terminal half-life about 8.5 hours; peak plasma levels of about 70 ng/mL appeared 3 to 5 hours after dosing. Heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature were largely unaffected. The authors note these peaks were 15 to 30 times lower than levels reported in adverse-event cases. No placebo group.

3
DMAA 50 mg, Caffeine 250 mg or Both for 12 Weeks: Safety Markers RCT
PubMed

Randomized, placebo-controlled 12 week trial of daily DMAA and caffeine alone or combined, from the same University of Memphis laboratory. (Bloomer et al. 2013, Hum Exp Toxicol)

50 young healthy men who completed the study (placebo 11, caffeine 14, DMAA 13, caffeine plus DMAA 12).

No interaction effects were found for body composition, resting respiratory rate, blood pressure, 12-lead ECG, urinalysis, blood counts, metabolic and lipid panels, or oxidative stress, inflammatory and cardiac markers. Small groups of healthy young men cannot detect rare serious events, and the study did not test exercise conditions or higher doses.

4
Two DMAA Plus Caffeine Products for 2 Weeks (no control group, maker-funded)
PubMed

Open 2 week study of two USPlabs products (Jack3d and OxyELITE Pro) containing DMAA, caffeine and other ingredients, funded in part by USPlabs. (Farney et al. 2012, Nutr Metab Insights)

13 healthy young adults: 7 men took Jack3d; 4 men and 2 women took OxyELITE Pro; 2 servings a day.

After 14 days, resting heart rate and blood pressure were not raised. After a dose, systolic pressure rose significantly with OxyELITE Pro but not Jack3d, and blood pressure measures rose about 5 to 15% at 60 to 90 minutes overall. Fasting glucose rose with Jack3d. Other ingredients may have contributed, and there was no placebo.

5
DMAA Pre-Workout Product for 10 Weeks: Placebo-Controlled (maker-funded)
PubMed

Randomized placebo-controlled 10 week trial of Jack3d, a multi-ingredient pre-workout product containing DMAA and caffeine, funded by USPlabs. (Whitehead et al. 2012, Nutr Metab Insights)

25 healthy men (13 placebo, 12 product), taking 1 to 3 servings on training days.

Blood pressure did not differ significantly between groups, although systolic pressure rose about 6 mmHg with the product while diastolic fell about 4 mmHg. LDL cholesterol fell about 7 mg/dL in the product group; other blood markers did not differ. The authors advised that people with elevated blood pressure avoid DMAA products.

6
Case Reports, Not a Trial: Deaths of Two Soldiers During Exertion
PubMed

Two case reports from the US military with a review of DMAA history and pharmacology. (Eliason et al. 2012, Mil Med)

Two active duty soldiers taking commercial multi-ingredient dietary supplements that contained DMAA.

Both collapsed from cardiac arrest during physical exertion and died. The authors conclude that DMAA in combination with other ingredients may be associated with serious consequences, recalling earlier adverse events with other sympathomimetic drugs removed from the market. Case reports of products with several ingredients cannot show that DMAA alone caused the deaths.

7
Case Series, Not a Trial: Bleeding in the Brain After Recreational DMAA
PubMed

Case series from Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand, where DMAA was sold as a recreational stimulant. (Gee et al. 2012, Ann Emerg Med)

3 adults who presented with cerebral hemorrhage after using DMAA.

The report describes 3 cases of bleeding in the brain after DMAA use and characterizes DMAA as a sympathomimetic and potent pressor agent. It also discusses whether DMAA is synthetic or natural. Recreational use may have involved larger doses or other substances, and case reports cannot prove cause.

Side effects and drug interactions

Common Potential side effects

The US FDA states that DMAA can raise blood pressure and lead to cardiovascular problems ranging from shortness of breath and tightening in the chest to heart attack, as well as seizures and other neurological and psychological conditions, and that it has no information showing DMAA is safe to consume.
Case reports describe cerebral hemorrhage in 3 New Zealand adults after recreational DMAA use and cardiac arrest with death in two US soldiers who collapsed during exertion while taking multi-ingredient DMAA supplements. Case reports cannot prove that DMAA caused these events.
Blood pressure rose after single 50 or 75 mg doses in a small trial, with the largest rise when 250 mg caffeine was added; the FDA notes that DMAA combined with caffeine or other stimulants can be a health risk.
Health Canada lists side effects of DMAA, which it treats as an unauthorized drug, as high blood pressure, shortness of breath, chest pain, stroke and psychiatric disorders.
Labels can hide it: DMAA has been sold as geranium extract, geranamine, methylhexanamine, 1,3-dimethylpentylamine and other synonyms. Independent laboratories have not found DMAA in authenticated geranium plants or oils, so its presence in a product indicates added synthetic material.
Prohibited in competition by the World Anti-Doping Agency as a specified stimulant (2026 list) and on the US Department of Defense prohibited dietary supplement ingredient list. It was still being excreted in urine more than 29 hours after a usual dose in one analysis.
There is no basis for use by anyone, including during pregnancy or breastfeeding or by children and adolescents, since the FDA considers DMAA products unlawful and safe intake has not been shown.

Important Drug interactions

Caffeine and other stimulants (synephrine, pre-workout and fat-burner blends): the largest blood pressure rise in a single-dose trial came with caffeine plus DMAA, and the FDA warns that DMAA with caffeine or other stimulants can be a health risk.
Blood-pressure medicines: DMAA raised blood pressure after single doses and is described by the FDA as narrowing blood vessels, so it may work against these medicines; researchers who studied a DMAA product advised people with elevated blood pressure to avoid DMAA products.

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Frequently asked questions about DMAA (1,3-Dimethylamylamine)

Is DMAA legal in dietary supplements in the US?

No, according to the FDA. The agency states that DMAA is not a dietary ingredient, that products marketed as supplements containing it are illegal, and that it considers added DMAA an unsafe food additive. It has issued warning letters since 2012, detained Jack3d and OxyElite Pro stock that the maker then destroyed, and won a court ruling that seized products were adulterated.

Does DMAA really come from geranium?

Independent laboratories, including a four-laboratory split-sample study of plants and oils from around the world, found no DMAA in authenticated geranium or Pelargonium plants or oils. Two studies reported small amounts in geranium samples from China; the one cited here was funded by a DMAA product maker at its request. The FDA says it is not aware of reliable science that DMAA occurs naturally in plants.

Can athletes or service members use DMAA?

No. DMAA, listed as 4-methylhexan-2-amine or methylhexaneamine, is on the World Anti-Doping Agency's 2026 Prohibited List as a specified stimulant banned in competition, and it is on the US Department of Defense prohibited dietary supplement ingredient list. Check labels for synonyms such as geranium extract or geranamine.

Is DMAA safe, and does it have side effects?

Safety has not been shown, and the FDA says it has no information demonstrating that consuming DMAA is safe. The FDA warns it can raise blood pressure and lead to problems ranging from shortness of breath and chest tightening to heart attack, as well as seizures. Case reports describe bleeding in the brain and cardiac arrest in users, though they cannot prove cause, and a small trial found blood pressure rising after single doses. The small studies that found little change over weeks were mostly funded by a DMAA product maker.

What is DMAA used for?

DMAA was sold in pre-workout and weight loss products and, in New Zealand, as a recreational stimulant. The FDA says no medical use of DMAA is recognized today and that DMAA products marketed as dietary supplements are illegal. The human studies cited here measured blood pressure, blood levels and blood tests, not exercise performance or weight loss.

What is DMAA?

DMAA (1,3-dimethylamylamine, also called methylhexanamine or geranamine) is a synthetic stimulant, once approved as a nasal decongestant drug and later sold in pre-workout and fat-burner products, often labeled as geranium extract.

What doses of DMAA have been studied?

DMAA is a drug or research chemical, not a dietary supplement: it is a prescription medicine in some countries, is not approved for sale as a supplement in the US, or has a regulatory warning against it. Doses used in studies: Single oral doses of 25, 50 or 75 mg; 50 mg a day for 12 weeks; finished DMAA products for 2 to 10 weeks. No safe dose is established, and the FDA considers DMAA unlawful in dietary supplements. This is not dosing advice.

Does DMAA interact with any medications?

Possible interactions include: Caffeine and other stimulants (synephrine, pre-workout and fat-burner blends): the largest blood pressure rise in a single-dose trial came with caffeine plus DMAA, and the FDA warns that DMAA with caffeine or other stimulants can be a health risk. If you take prescription medication, check with a pharmacist or doctor before using it.

How strong is the scientific evidence for DMAA?

NutraSmarts rates the evidence for DMAA as Preliminary (1 out of 5). It is backed by 7 study summaries and 16 cited references summarized on this page. A higher rating reflects more, larger, and better-designed human studies. For a drug or research chemical, this rating does not mean it is suitable for self-use.

References(16 citations)

Evidence ratings on NutraSmarts are based on the totality of human clinical research, with emphasis on randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. The references below directly support claims made throughout this page.

  1. Lisi A, Hasick N, Kazlauskas R, Goebel C. Studies of methylhexaneamine in supplements and geranium oil. Drug Test Anal. 2011;3(11-12):873-6. doi: 10.1002/dta.392.PubMedUsed to support: Australian government measurement laboratory analysis reporting that geranium oils do not contain methylhexaneamine (DMAA), so products labeled as geranium oil that contain it can only contain added synthetic material. It also notes that the usual dose is large and the drug was still being excreted in urine at relatively high amounts more than 29 hours after use.
  2. Elsohly MA, Gul W, Elsohly KM, Murphy TP, Weerasooriya A, Chittiboyina AG, Avula B, Khan I, Eichner A, Bowers LD. Pelargonium oil and methyl hexaneamine (MHA): analytical approaches supporting the absence of MHA in authenticated Pelargonium graveolens plant material and oil. J Anal Toxicol. 2012;36(7):457-71. doi: 10.1093/jat/bks055.PubMedUsed to support: Analysis of 20 commercial geranium oils, 3 authenticated oils and authenticated Pelargonium graveolens leaves and stems found no detectable methylhexaneamine (limit of detection 10 ppb). Three supplements claiming geranium as the source contained large amounts, incompatible with reasonable use of a geranium extract, suggesting synthetic origin.
  3. ElSohly MA, Gul W, Tolbert C, ElSohly KM, Murphy TP, Avula B, Chittiboyina AG, Wang M, Khan IA, Yang M, Guo D, Zhang WD, Su J. Methylhexanamine is not detectable in Pelargonium or Geranium species and their essential oils: A multi-centre investigation. Drug Test Anal. 2015;7(7):645-54. doi: 10.1002/dta.1726.PubMedUsed to support: Multicenter follow-up: 18 plant samples from 6 Pelargonium species and 9 oils from around the world were split among 4 laboratories, and none detected methylhexaneamine at about 10 ppb. The paper notes that two studies from other laboratories had reported it in samples sourced from China, which prompted this split-sample design.
  4. Li JS, Chen M, Li ZC. Identification and quantification of dimethylamylamine in geranium by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem Insights. 2012;7:47-58. doi: 10.4137/ACI.S9969.PubMedUsed to support: Counter-claim. Analytical method paper reporting quantification of 1,3- and 1,4-DMAA in geranium plant and geranium oil samples. The full text states the research was funded by USPlabs LLC, a DMAA product maker, at the sponsor's request, and that one author served as an expert witness in a lawsuit involving USPlabs.
  5. Schilling BK, Hammond KG, Bloomer RJ, Presley CS, Yates CR. Physiological and pharmacokinetic effects of oral 1,3-dimethylamylamine administration in men. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013;14:52. doi: 10.1186/2050-6511-14-52.PubMedUsed to support: Pharmacokinetic study in which 8 men took a single 25 mg oral dose (7 analyzed). Oral clearance about 20 L per hour, terminal half-life about 8.5 hours, peak blood level about 70 ng/mL at 3 to 5 hours. Resting heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature were largely unaffected. Funded by USPlabs, which supplied the capsules and was consulted on the design (full text disclosure).
  6. Bloomer RJ, Harvey IC, Farney TM, Bell ZW, Canale RE. Effects of 1,3-dimethylamylamine and caffeine alone or in combination on heart rate and blood pressure in healthy men and women. Phys Sportsmed. 2011;39(3):111-20. doi: 10.3810/psm.2011.09.1927.PubMedUsed to support: Double-blind randomized crossover trial in 10 healthy young men and women given single doses of caffeine 250 mg, DMAA 50 or 75 mg, or caffeine plus DMAA. Heart rate did not change, but systolic and diastolic blood pressure and rate pressure product rose, generally with dose; the largest rise (about 20% systolic, 17% diastolic) came 60 minutes after caffeine plus 75 mg DMAA. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline did not explain the change.
  7. Bloomer RJ, Farney TM, Harvey IC, Alleman RJ. Safety profile of caffeine and 1,3-dimethylamylamine supplementation in healthy men. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2013;32(11):1126-36. doi: 10.1177/0960327113475680.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized trial in 50 healthy young men taking placebo, caffeine 250 mg, DMAA 50 mg, or both daily for 12 weeks. No interaction effects were found for body composition, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, urinalysis, blood counts, metabolic and lipid panels, or oxidative stress, inflammatory and cardiac markers. Small groups (11 to 14 men each).
  8. Farney TM, McCarthy CG, Canale RE, Allman RJ Jr, Bloomer RJ. Hemodynamic and hematologic profile of healthy adults ingesting dietary supplements containing 1,3-dimethylamylamine and caffeine. Nutr Metab Insights. 2012;5:1-12. doi: 10.4137/NMI.S8568.PubMedUsed to support: Open study of two USPlabs DMAA plus caffeine products (Jack3d in 7 men; OxyELITE Pro in 4 men and 2 women) taken daily for 2 weeks. Resting heart rate and blood pressure did not rise after 14 days; after a dose, systolic pressure rose significantly with OxyELITE Pro and blood pressure measures rose about 5 to 15% at 60 to 90 minutes. Fasting glucose rose with Jack3d. Funded in part by USPlabs (full text).
  9. Whitehead PN, Schilling BK, Farney TM, Bloomer RJ. Impact of a dietary supplement containing 1,3-dimethylamylamine on blood pressure and bloodborne markers of health: a 10-week intervention study. Nutr Metab Insights. 2012;5:33-9. doi: 10.4137/NMI.S8885.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized placebo-controlled trial in 25 healthy men using a DMAA-containing pre-workout product (Jack3d, a multi-ingredient product) on training days for 10 weeks. No significant between-group difference in blood pressure, although systolic pressure rose about 6 mmHg with the product; LDL cholesterol fell about 7 mg/dL in the product group. Funded by USPlabs; the authors advised that people with elevated blood pressure avoid DMAA products (full text).
  10. Eliason MJ, Eichner A, Cancio A, Bestervelt L, Adams BD, Deuster PA. Case reports: Death of active duty soldiers following ingestion of dietary supplements containing 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA). Mil Med. 2012;177(12):1455-9. doi: 10.7205/milmed-d-12-00265.PubMedUsed to support: Case reports of two US soldiers taking commercial multi-ingredient supplements containing DMAA who collapsed from cardiac arrest during physical exertion and died. The authors raise concern that DMAA combined with other ingredients may be associated with serious consequences. Case reports cannot prove causation.
  11. Gee P, Tallon C, Long N, Moore G, Boet R, Jackson S. Use of recreational drug 1,3 Dimethylamylamine (DMAA) [corrected] associated with cerebral hemorrhage. Ann Emerg Med. 2012;60(4):431-4. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.04.008.PubMedUsed to support: Case series from New Zealand describing 3 adults with cerebral hemorrhage after using DMAA, which was being sold there as a recreational stimulant. The authors describe DMAA as a sympathomimetic and potent pressor agent patented in 1944 as a nasal decongestant. Case reports cannot prove causation.
  12. Alsufyani HA, Docherty JR. Methylhexaneamine causes tachycardia and pressor responses indirectly by releasing noradrenaline in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019;843:121-125. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.047.PubMedUsed to support: Animal study in anesthetized rats: methylhexaneamine (DMAA) raised heart rate and blood pressure over the same dose range, effects that were greatly reduced after chemical sympathectomy, indicating it acts mainly indirectly by releasing noradrenaline. It produced almost no direct contraction of isolated rat aorta.
  13. US Food and Drug Administration. DMAA in Products Marketed as Dietary Supplements. US Food and Drug Administration. 2023;Consumer information page, content current as of 02/22/2023. Accessed 2026..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed; official FDA page. FDA states that DMAA is not a dietary ingredient, that DMAA-containing products marketed as dietary supplements are illegal, that it considers added DMAA an unsafe food additive, and that it is not aware of reliable science that DMAA exists naturally in plants. It says DMAA can raise blood pressure and lead to cardiovascular problems from shortness of breath and chest tightening to heart attack, lists warning letters from 2012 onward, the 2013 detention of OxyElite Pro and Jack3d (worth more than $8 million at retail, later destroyed by USPLabs), and the court-confirmed seizure of Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals products destroyed in 2020, and gives label synonyms.
  14. World Anti-Doping Agency. World Anti-Doping Code International Standard: Prohibited List 2026. World Anti-Doping Agency. 2026;Section S6.B Specified Stimulants; in effect from 1 January 2026. Copy hosted by the Czech National Sports Agency (Narodni sportovni agentura), accessed 2026..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed; official anti-doping list. 4-Methylhexan-2-amine (1,3-dimethylamylamine, 1,3 DMAA, methylhexaneamine) is named under S6.B Specified Stimulants, prohibited in competition. Related alkylamines 1,4-dimethylamylamine and 1,3-dimethylbutylamine are listed in the same section.
  15. Operation Supplement Safety (OPSS), US Department of Defense. DMAA: a prohibited stimulant. Operation Supplement Safety. 2022;Article updated 12 October 2022. Accessed 2026..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed; US Department of Defense dietary supplement safety resource. States that DMAA is on the DoD Prohibited Dietary Supplement Ingredients list, that labels may name it 1,3-dimethylamylamine, dimethylamylamine or methylhexanamine, that "geranium extract" may indicate DMAA, that FDA declared it illegal as a dietary supplement ingredient in April 2013, and that DMAA products continue to be produced and marketed.
  16. Health Canada. Unauthorized health product "Blow" may pose serious health risks. Health Canada, Recalls and Safety Alerts. 2017;Advisory dated January 16, 2017 (archived). Accessed 2026..SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed; Health Canada advisory on the seizure of a pre-workout product labeled to contain DMAA. States that 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) is a drug that is not authorized for use in Canada and that side effects include high blood pressure, shortness of breath, chest pain, stroke and psychiatric disorders.