Apple cider vinegar gummies are one of the best-selling supplements on Amazon, sold on the promise of vinegar's benefits without the sour taste. The catch is that every human trial of apple cider vinegar used the liquid, usually a tablespoon or two a day, and no trial has tested a gummy at all. No gummy label we read says how much acetic acid, vinegar's active compound, a serving actually delivers.

So this ranking does not pretend any gummy works better than another. It scores what you can check on the label: whether the acid content of the vinegar is stated, how much added sugar a day the directions give you, whether anyone independent tested the product, the price, and how much the listing oversells. We read the printed label on every product below and scored all eight on the same five criteria. For the full evidence, see our gummies versus liquid explainer.

The short version

  • Best overall: Nutricost ACV Gummies, one 500 mg gummy a day with just 1 g of added sugar, the acid percentage on the label, and the lowest cost per serving.
  • Best sugar-free: Goli Zero Sugar, 1,000 mg per two gummies with no sugar, though its label directs three to six gummies a day and its listing makes digestion, heart and immune claims.
  • Best organic sugar-free: Sports Research, one USDA Organic gummy a day sweetened with inulin and allulose.
  • No gummy has been tested. Every trial of apple cider vinegar used the liquid; we found no human trial of a gummy in PubMed or ClinicalTrials.gov.
  • The acid gap is large. A tablespoon of 5% vinegar carries about 750 mg of acetic acid. ConsumerLab found as little as 14 to 51 mg in ACV supplements it tested.
  • Watch the sugar. Goli's original label directs three to six gummies a day, 6 to 12 g of added sugar, for a product often bought for weight or blood sugar; that dropped it out of our top eight.
  • The liquid's effects are small too. In the best-known weight trial, people lost about 1 to 2 kg over 12 weeks and regained most of it within a month of stopping.
Disclosure: NutraSmarts is reader-supported. We may earn an affiliate commission when you buy through links on this page, at no extra cost to you. It never changes our rankings, and no brand paid to be featured or sent us product. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. See our affiliate disclosure.

How we ranked them

Because no gummy has evidence behind it, we scored only what the label, the listing and the certifier let you check, at each label's standard daily direction:

Scores are rounded to one decimal. Ties are ordered by the heavier criterion, and an exact tie on every criterion goes to the lower cost. Of the two products with NSF listings, OLLY made the list at #8; BUBS, the other, and Goli's original gummy are covered under "Also considered" because their sugar or marketing scores kept them out of the top eight. No brand paid to be included, and none sent product.

Do ACV gummies work?

What the liquid can do. Most of the evidence is about blood sugar after a meal. In small crossover studies, about two teaspoons to a tablespoon and a half of vinegar taken with a starchy meal lowered the rise in blood sugar afterward; one set of four trials put the effect at about 20 percent. In a frequently cited 2004 study, as reported in the lead author's later review, vinegar before a high-carbohydrate meal improved insulin sensitivity by 34 percent in people with insulin resistance, but the changes in people with type 2 diabetes were not statistically significant. These are short, single-meal studies of a lab measurement.

Weight. The best-known weight trial, run in Japan by the vinegar maker Mizkan, randomized 175 adults with mild obesity (155 completed) to 15 or 30 mL of apple vinegar a day, diluted in a drink, or a placebo drink. Over 12 weeks they lost about 1.2 and 1.9 kg while the placebo group gained 0.4 kg; within four weeks of stopping, the lower-dose group was back to its starting weight and the higher-dose group had regained most of it. Fasting blood sugar and HbA1c showed no significant difference from placebo. A 2026 umbrella review of 10 meta-analyses put the pooled weight change at about 1 kg. A 2024 trial reporting much larger losses in Lebanese adolescents and young adults was retracted in September 2025 after the journal found data patterns inconsistent with random allocation and analyses it could not reproduce.

Why gummies fall short. A tablespoon (15 mL) of 5% vinegar holds about 750 mg of acetic acid; the trials used one to two tablespoons a day. A gummy's "500 mg of apple cider vinegar" is the weight of a dried vinegar powder, not of acetic acid, and none of the labels we read declares its acetic acid content. When ConsumerLab tested ACV supplements in 2020, gummies, capsules and tablets contained as little as 14 to 51 mg of acetic acid, against about 700 to 800 mg in a serving of liquid. The form may matter as well: in a 2020 crossover study, liquid vinegar cut the blood sugar rise after a meal by 31 percent, while whole vinegar tablets carrying even more acetic acid had no significant effect. That was one small study of 12 people, and it tested tablets, not gummies.

What a gummy reliably delivers. Sugar, mostly: 1 to 4 g of added sugar per daily serving among the sugared products we ranked, and 6 to 12 g a day on Goli's original label, which we did not rank. Several add B12 or folic acid, which matter only if you are low. The pomegranate and beet on many labels are listed at 40 micrograms, a trace amount. If you want what the trials tested, a tablespoon of liquid vinegar diluted in a large glass of water costs a few cents; if you prefer a gummy for the ritual or the taste, choose a low-sugar one and expect little.

The 8 best apple cider vinegar gummies

Tap any product to jump straight to its full review.

#1Nutricost Apple Cider Vinegar 500 mg 120 gummy bottle
Best Overall

Nutricost Apple Cider Vinegar Gummies 500 mg

4.0 / 5

Best for: Most people who want a cheap, low-sugar, one-a-day ACV gummy

ACV per day
500 mg
1 gummy
Acetic acid stated
5%
on the label
Added sugar per day
1 g
Other actives
Folic acid, B12
Independent cert.
Unnamed claim
No named lab
Cost per 500 mg
13 cents

The top pick because it delivers what an ACV gummy can, 500 mg of vinegar powder from vinegar stated as 5% acetic acid, with the least sugar of any sugared gummy here: 1 g in its one-gummy daily serving. At about 13 cents a day it is also the cheapest per serving, and the listing makes no weight, detox or gut claims. The trade-offs are added folic acid and B12 you may not need, trace amounts of pomegranate and beet, and a testing claim that names no lab.

Pros
  • Just 1 g of added sugar in its one-gummy daily serving, the least among the sugared gummies here
  • The label states the vinegar is 5% acetic acid
  • About 13 cents a day, the lowest cost per serving we found
  • A plain listing with no weight, detox or gut claims
Cons
  • Adds 120 mcg DFE of folic acid and 1.2 mcg of B12 that most people do not need from a gummy
  • Pomegranate and beet are listed at 40 micrograms each, a trace amount
  • "Third Party Tested" names no lab
  • Like every gummy here, it does not say how much acetic acid it actually contains
Check price on Amazon →$15.95 for 120 gummies, 120 servings · seen October 17, 2026
#2Goli Zero Sugar Apple Cider Vinegar+ gummies 60 count bottle
Best Sugar-Free

Goli Zero Sugar Apple Cider Vinegar+ Gummies

3.8 / 5

Best for: People avoiding sugar who want a higher-dose gummy

ACV per day
1,500 to 3,000 mg
3 to 6 gummies
Acetic acid stated
5%
on the label
Added sugar per day
0 g
fiber-sweetened
Other actives
B12, probiotics
8 mg blend
Independent cert.
None found
Cost per 500 mg
30 cents

The best choice if you want no sugar at all: each two-gummy serving gives 1,000 mg of ACV, from vinegar stated as 5% acetic acid, sweetened with soluble tapioca fiber, fructooligosaccharides and stevia, for 10 calories; the label directs one to two gummies three times a day, so 1,500 to 3,000 mg. It ties Amazon Basics on score and places ahead on acid and dose disclosure. What holds it back is marketing: the listing ties it to digestion, bloating, heart health and immune function, and calls Goli America's Number 1 ACV vitamin brand. The 8 mg probiotic blend has no CFU count.

Pros
  • Zero sugar: sweetened with soluble tapioca fiber, fructooligosaccharides and stevia
  • 1,000 mg of ACV per 2-gummy serving, with the vinegar stated as 5% acetic acid
  • No sugar alcohols, which upset some stomachs
  • Only 10 calories a serving
Cons
  • The listing ties it to digestion, bloating, heart health and immune function, none tested in a gummy
  • Calls itself America's Number 1 ACV vitamin brand, a claim we cannot verify
  • The probiotic blend is listed at 8 mg with no CFU count
  • The label directs three to six gummies a day, and fiber and FOS can cause gas in some people
Check price on Amazon →$17.97 for 60 gummies, 30 servings · seen October 17, 2026
#3Amazon Basics Apple Cider Vinegar 500 mg 60 gummy bottle
Best Small Bottle

Amazon Basics Apple Cider Vinegar 500 mg Gummies

3.8 / 5

Best for: Trying ACV gummies cheaply with a small 60-count bottle

ACV per day
500 mg
1 gummy
Acetic acid stated
5%
total acid
Added sugar per day
2 g
Other actives
Folic acid, B12
Independent cert.
None found
Cost per 500 mg
16 cents

A plain, cheap one-a-day gummy: 500 mg of ACV, the vinegar's acid stated as 5% total acid, and 2 g of added sugar for about 16 cents. The listing makes no health claims. It loses half a point because the printed label directs one gummy a day while the listing says one to two, and it adds folate and B12. It has the fewest Amazon ratings here, about 185.

Pros
  • One 500 mg gummy a day for about 16 cents
  • The label states the vinegar is 5% total acid
  • 2 g of added sugar a day, less than the 3 to 4 g of most sugared gummies here
  • A plain listing with no health claims
Cons
  • The printed label says one gummy a day, while the listing says 1 to 2
  • Adds 200 mcg DFE of folate (120 mcg folic acid) and 1.2 mcg of B12
  • Only about 185 Amazon ratings
  • No testing claim; its only certification is the Non-GMO Project seal
Check price on Amazon →$9.49 for 60 gummies, 60 servings · seen October 17, 2026
#4Sports Research Apple Cider Vinegar Gummies with Methyl B12 60 count bottle
Best Organic Sugar-Free

Sports Research Organic Apple Cider Vinegar Gummies

3.6 / 5

Best for: Organic shoppers who want no added sugar

ACV per day
500 mg
1 gummy
Acetic acid stated
No
not on the label
Added sugar per day
0 g
inulin, allulose
Other actives
Methyl B12
Independent cert.
Unnamed claim
No named lab
Cost per 500 mg
33 cents

The best organic option without sugar: one USDA Organic gummy a day, sweetened with organic inulin syrup and allulose, with no sugar line on the panel and 5 calories. Its certifiers are named in the gallery. It ranks below the top three because the label does not state the vinegar's acid percentage, its "third party tested" claim names no lab, the title mentions "Diet Cleanses & Digestion", and it costs about 33 cents per 500 mg.

Pros
  • No sugar listed: sweetened with organic inulin syrup and allulose
  • USDA Organic (CCOF), certified vegan and Non-GMO tested, with certifiers named in the gallery
  • One gummy a day, 5 calories
  • Just 3 g of carbohydrate per gummy, 2 g of it fiber
Cons
  • The label does not state the vinegar's acetic acid percentage
  • "Diet Cleanses & Digestion" appears in the listing title
  • "Third Party Tested" names no lab
  • About 33 cents per 500 mg, more than double Nutricost
Check price on Amazon →$19.95 for 60 gummies, 60 servings · seen October 17, 2026
#5Nature's Truth Apple Cider Vinegar Gummies 600 mg 75 count bottle
Best Plain Formula

Nature's Truth Apple Cider Vinegar Gummies 600 mg

3.4 / 5

Best for: People who want vinegar only, with no added vitamins

ACV per day
600 mg
3 gummies
Acetic acid stated
No
not on the label
Added sugar per day
3 g
Other actives
None
Independent cert.
None found
Cost per 500 mg
33 cents

The simplest formula here: organic apple cider vinegar is the only active ingredient, with no vitamins or trace botanicals, and the listing makes no health claims. A serving is three gummies for 600 mg of ACV with 3 g of added sugar, so a 75-count bottle lasts 25 days. The label does not state the vinegar's acid percentage, and no testing is claimed.

Pros
  • Nothing but organic apple cider vinegar as the active ingredient, with no vitamins added
  • 600 mg per serving, slightly more than most
  • A plain listing with no health claims
  • More than 4,000 Amazon ratings
Cons
  • Three gummies a day for one serving, and a bottle lasts 25 days
  • 3 g of added sugar a day
  • The label does not state the vinegar's acetic acid percentage
  • No testing claim or certification shown
Check price on Amazon →$9.98 for 75 gummies, 25 servings · seen October 17, 2026
#6Horbaach Apple Cider Vinegar Gummies 90 vegan gummy bottle
Cheapest Bottle

Horbäach Apple Cider Vinegar Gummies

3.4 / 5

Best for: The lowest price per bottle

ACV per day
500 mg
2 gummies
Acetic acid stated
No
not on the label
Added sugar per day
4 g
Other actives
None
Independent cert.
In-house claim
Cost per 500 mg
16 cents

The cheapest bottle here at $6.99 for 45 servings, with ACV as the only active ingredient and a listing free of weight and detox claims. It ranks lower because two gummies carry 4 g of added sugar for just 500 mg of ACV, the label does not state the acid percentage, and its "Laboratory Tested" line names no lab. It tied Nature's Truth Organic on every criterion and places ahead on cost.

Pros
  • The lowest bottle price here, $6.99 for 45 servings
  • Apple cider vinegar is the only active ingredient
  • A plain listing with no weight, detox or gut claims
  • Vegan, with pectin rather than gelatin
Cons
  • 4 g of added sugar for 500 mg of ACV
  • The label does not state the vinegar's acetic acid percentage
  • "Laboratory Tested" names no lab
Check price on Amazon →$6.99 for 90 gummies, 45 servings · seen October 17, 2026
#7Nature's Truth Organic Apple Cider Vinegar Gummies 120 count bottle
Best Organic Value

Nature's Truth Organic Apple Cider Vinegar Gummies

3.4 / 5

Best for: Organic shoppers on a budget, at the basic serving

ACV per day
500 mg
2 gummies
Acetic acid stated
No
not on the label
Added sugar per day
3 g
up to 9 g
Other actives
None
Independent cert.
None found
Cost per 500 mg
23 cents

USDA Organic with the certifier named on the bottle, ACV as the only active ingredient, and about 23 cents per 500 mg. At its basic two-gummy serving it carries 3 g of added sugar, but the label suggests increasing to two gummies three times daily "for maximum results", which would mean 9 g of added sugar a day for a benefit no gummy has shown. Stick to the basic serving if you buy it.

Pros
  • USDA Organic, with the certifier (Baystate Organic Certifiers) named on the bottle
  • Apple cider vinegar is the only active ingredient
  • About 23 cents per 500 mg
  • A plain listing with no health claims
Cons
  • The label suggests increasing to 2 gummies three times daily "for maximum results", which means 9 g of added sugar
  • 3 g of added sugar at the basic 2-gummy serving
  • The label does not state the vinegar's acetic acid percentage
  • Only about 360 Amazon ratings
Check price on Amazon →$13.99 for 120 gummies, 60 servings · seen October 17, 2026
#8OLLY Metabolism Gummy Rings apple cider vinegar 30 count jar
Best NSF-Listed

OLLY Metabolism Gummy Rings

3.1 / 5

Best for: People who want an NSF-listed gummy and also want chromium

ACV per day
300 mg
1 gummy
Acetic acid stated
No
not on the label
Added sugar per day
3 g
Other actives
Chromium, B12
200 mcg, 10 mcg
Independent cert.
NSF/ANSI 173
Verified on NSF site
Cost per 500 mg
$1.05

One of only two ACV gummies we found with an NSF/ANSI 173 listing, which we confirmed on NSF's own site, and one gummy a day with 3 g of added sugar. It is really a chromium supplement with some vinegar: each ring holds 200 mcg of chromium picolinate, 10 mcg of B12 and only 300 mg of ACV, at about $1.05 per 500 mg of ACV, the priciest here. It is sold on metabolism and lean body mass claims, and it uses gelatin.

Pros
  • Listed under NSF/ANSI 173 on NSF's own site, which we checked
  • One gummy a day with 3 g of added sugar
  • Adds 200 mcg of chromium picolinate and 10 mcg of B12, if you want them
  • No synthetic colors or flavors, per the label
Cons
  • Only 300 mg of ACV, the least of any product we ranked
  • About $1.05 per 500 mg of ACV, by far the priciest here
  • Sold on "supports metabolism and lean body mass" claims
  • Made with gelatin, so not vegetarian
Check price on Amazon →$18.88 for 30 gummies, 30 servings · seen October 17, 2026
Also considered

Goli Apple Cider Vinegar Gummies. The best-known ACV gummy and the most-rated one we checked, with more than 368,000 ratings, and its label states 1,000 mg of ACV per two gummies from vinegar stated as 5% acetic acid. It fell out of the top eight on sugar: the label directs one to two gummies three times a day, so 6 to 12 g of added sugar a day, and the listing links it to heart health and immune function. Check price on Amazon $14.98 for 60 gummies · seen October 17, 2026

BUBS Naturals Apple Cider Vinegar Gummies. Listed under NSF/ANSI 173 on NSF's site, one of only two NSF/ANSI 173 listings among the ACV gummies we checked, with OLLY. It fell short on everything else: 4 g of added sugar per two gummies and directions of up to eight a day (16 g), a listing bullet that promises B vitamins the label panel does not show, and claims about cravings, metabolism, detox, skin and muscle recovery. Check price on Amazon $18.95 for 60 gummies · seen October 17, 2026

WellPath Pure Organic ACV Gummies. USDA Organic, its vinegar stated as 5% acetic acid, and the only listing we checked that shows batch lab results for heavy metals and microbes, though without naming the lab. It costs about 67 cents per 500 mg, carries 4 g of added sugar, and its listing leans on gut, immune and "body cleanse" claims plus press logos. Check price on Amazon $19.99 for 60 gummies · seen October 17, 2026

Not included: Orphic Nutrition ACV Gummies, whose label describes the gummies as capsules, does not show the sugar content in the images we read, and carries cholesterol, weight loss and detox claims.

The full lineup, side by side

Amounts come from each product's printed label at its standard daily direction. Check the added sugar first: the trials used liquid vinegar, so sugar is the one thing these gummies reliably add.

ProductACV per day (label)Acetic acid statedAdded sugar per dayOther activesTestingCost per 500 mg ACVScore
#1 Nutricost500 mg5%1 gFolic acid, B12Unnamed claim$0.134.0
#2 Goli Zero Sugar1,500 to 3,000 mg5%0 gB12, probiotic blendNone found$0.303.8
#3 Amazon Basics500 mg5% total acid2 gFolic acid, B12None found$0.163.8
#4 Sports Research500 mgNot stated0 gMethyl B12Unnamed claim$0.333.6
#5 Nature's Truth 600 mg600 mgNot stated3 gNoneNone found$0.333.4
#6 Horbäach500 mgNot stated4 gNoneIn-house claim$0.163.4
#7 Nature's Truth Organic500 mg (up to 1,500 mg)Not stated3 g (up to 9 g)NoneNone found$0.233.4
#8 OLLY Metabolism300 mgNot stated3 gChromium 200 mcg, B12 10 mcgNSF/ANSI 173$1.053.1

Prices are Amazon prices on October 17, 2026 and change often. Cost per 500 mg is the price of the labeled daily serving divided by its milligrams of ACV, times 500. "Acetic acid stated" means the label gives the vinegar's acid percentage; no label states how much acetic acid a serving actually delivers. "Unnamed claim" means a third-party testing claim that names no lab.

How to choose, and what to check first

Decide whether you want a gummy at all. If you are after what the studies tested, a tablespoon of liquid vinegar diluted in a large glass of water with a meal is closer to the trial dose, costs a few cents, and avoids the sugar. Drink it through a straw and rinse with water afterward to protect your teeth. A gummy makes sense only if you value the habit or cannot stand the taste.

Read the sugar line before the ACV line. Added sugar ranges from 0 to 4 g per daily serving among our picks, and some labels encourage you to take three times the basic serving. The percent Daily Value printed next to added sugars tells you how much of a day's limit one serving uses.

Ignore the extras. Pomegranate and beet listed in micrograms are a trace. B12 and folic acid are useful only if you are low, and you may already get them from a multivitamin or fortified foods.

Before you buy, check these five things.
  • Diabetes medicine or insulin. Liquid vinegar may add to the blood sugar lowering effect of these medicines, and in people with type 1 diabetes and slow stomach emptying it slowed emptying further in a small study. Talk to your clinician before using vinegar products regularly.
  • Diuretics, digoxin or low potassium. One published case report linked very large amounts of cider vinegar to low potassium and bone loss. We found no interaction studies, but people on potassium-lowering medicines should ask first.
  • Teeth. In an eight-week trial, a daily vinegar drink raised tooth erosion scores by 18 percent. We found no study of gummies and teeth, so brush or rinse after them.
  • Children. These look and taste like candy. Store them out of reach; many add folic acid and B12, so a child eating a bottle gets a dose of vitamins too.
  • Pregnancy and breastfeeding. We found no safety data for ACV supplements in pregnancy. Ask your clinician first.

Frequently asked questions

Do apple cider vinegar gummies work?

We found no human trial of an apple cider vinegar gummy in PubMed or ClinicalTrials.gov. The modest effects on blood sugar after meals and on weight come from liquid vinegar at one to two tablespoons a day. ConsumerLab found as little as 14 to 51 mg of acetic acid in ACV supplements it tested, against about 750 mg in a tablespoon of 5% vinegar.

Are ACV gummies as good as liquid apple cider vinegar?

We found no evidence that they are. Labels list the weight of a dried vinegar powder, not its acetic acid, and in one small crossover study whole vinegar tablets had no significant effect on blood sugar after a meal while liquid vinegar lowered it by 31 percent.

Do ACV gummies help with weight loss?

No gummy has been tested for weight. In the best-known trial of liquid vinegar, adults lost about 1 to 2 kg over 12 weeks and regained most of it within a month of stopping, and a 2026 umbrella review put the pooled effect at about 1 kg. A 2024 trial reporting larger losses was retracted in 2025.

How much sugar is in ACV gummies?

Among the eight we ranked, 0 to 4 g of added sugar per daily serving. Some labels direct several servings a day: Goli's original, which we did not rank, directs three to six gummies, about 6 to 12 g. Goli Zero Sugar and Sports Research list no sugar.

How many ACV gummies should you take a day?

Follow the label, and favor the basic serving: extra gummies add sugar without adding evidence. Daily directions among our picks range from one gummy to six, and from 300 to 3,000 mg of ACV.

Are ACV gummies bad for your teeth?

We found no study of gummies and tooth wear. Liquid vinegar raised tooth erosion scores by 18 percent over eight weeks in one trial, and most gummies combine sugar with fruit acids such as citric and malic acid, so rinsing or brushing afterward is sensible.

What is "the mother" in apple cider vinegar?

It is the cloudy mix of bacteria and yeast that forms in unfiltered vinegar. We found no human trial showing it changes any health outcome, and in a dried, powdered gummy any live culture is doubtful, so treat "with the mother" as a description, not a benefit.

The bottom line

The best apple cider vinegar gummy is the one that gives you the least sugar and the most honest label for the money, because no gummy has been shown to do what liquid vinegar does. Nutricost does that best, Goli Zero Sugar and Sports Research are the picks if you want no sugar at all, and Amazon Basics is a cheap way to try one. Keep the dose at the basic serving, ignore the weight, detox and gut claims, and remember that the liquid's own effects are small. If those small effects are what you want, a tablespoon of diluted vinegar with a meal gets you far closer to the studies than any gummy we found.

VS
Reviewed for accuracy by
Vladimir Salamakha

B.S. in Chemistry, University of South Florida · a formulation scientist with 15 years developing compliant, evidence-based products across nutritional supplements and personal care. More about the author →

A quick note This article is general information, not medical advice. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration, and these products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Gummies look like candy, so store them out of children's reach. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before using vinegar products if you take insulin, diabetes medicine, diuretics or digoxin, have slow stomach emptying or low potassium, or are pregnant or breastfeeding. These products are labeled for adults. Product labels and prices change, so check the current details before buying.
Sources
Kondo T et al. Vinegar intake reduces body weight, body fat mass, and serum triglyceride levels in obese Japanese subjects. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2009. PMID 19661687 (randomized trial run by Mizkan, 155 analyzed adults with mild obesity, 15 or 30 mL apple vinegar a day for 12 weeks: weight down about 1.2 and 1.9 kg versus a 0.4 kg gain on placebo; regained within 4 weeks of stopping). · Johnston CS et al. Vinegar improves insulin sensitivity to a high-carbohydrate meal in subjects with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2004. PMID 14694010 (crossover meal study: insulin sensitivity up 34 percent in insulin resistance; changes in type 2 diabetes not significant; figures from the first author's 2006 review). · Johnston CS et al. Vinegar: medicinal uses and antiglycemic effect. MedGenMed, 2006. PMID 16926800 (review by the same first author reporting the 2004 figures). · Johnston CS et al. Examination of the antiglycemic properties of vinegar in healthy adults. Ann Nutr Metab, 2010. PMID 20068289 (four crossover trials: about 10 g of vinegar lowered the blood sugar rise after a complex-carbohydrate meal by about 20 percent). · Ostman E et al. Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2005. PMID 16015276 (crossover trial, 12 healthy adults: vinegar with bread lowered glucose and insulin responses and raised satiety). · Feise NK et al. Commercial Vinegar Tablets Do Not Display the Same Physiological Benefits for Managing Postprandial Glucose Concentrations as Liquid Vinegar. J Nutr Metab, 2020. PMID 33489366 (crossover study, 12 adults: liquid vinegar cut the post-meal glucose rise 31 percent; whole vinegar tablets had no significant effect). · Hadi A et al. The effect of apple cider vinegar on lipid profiles and glycemic parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. BMC Complement Med Ther, 2021. PMID 34187442 (meta-analysis of 9 studies of apple cider vinegar: small changes in cholesterol and fasting glucose). · Shahmohammadi F et al. Vinegar Consumption and Health: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials. Food Sci Nutr, 2026. PMID 42110393 (umbrella review of 10 meta-analyses: body weight about 1.06 kg lower; pooled weight analysis excluded the retracted trial). · BMJ Nutr Prev Health. Retraction: Apple cider vinegar for weight management in lebanese adolescents and young adults with overweight and obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. BMJ Nutr Prev Health, 2025. PMID 41789013 (retraction notice, September 2025, for the 2024 Lebanese weight trial). · Launholt TL et al. Safety and side effects of apple vinegar intake and its effect on metabolic parameters and body weight: a systematic review. Eur J Nutr, 2020. PMID 32170375 (systematic review: evidence for health effects insufficient; side effects inconsiderable at recommended use). · Anderson S et al. Evidence That Daily Vinegar Ingestion May Contribute to Erosive Tooth Wear in Adults. J Med Food, 2021. PMID 33297831 (8-week randomized trial: daily vinegar drink raised tooth erosion scores 18 percent). · Hlebowicz J et al. Effect of apple cider vinegar on delayed gastric emptying in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study. BMC Gastroenterol, 2007. PMID 18093343 (crossover study, 10 adults with type 1 diabetes and gastroparesis: 30 mL apple cider vinegar slowed gastric emptying further). · Lhotta K et al. Hypokalemia, hyperreninemia and osteoporosis in a patient ingesting large amounts of cider vinegar. Nephron, 1998. PMID 9736833 (case report: low potassium and bone loss in a person ingesting large amounts of cider vinegar). · Hill LL et al. Esophageal injury by apple cider vinegar tablets and subsequent evaluation of products. J Am Diet Assoc, 2005. PMID 15983536 (case of esophageal injury from a vinegar tablet, and testing of 8 tablet products that varied widely in acid and label claims). · Johnston CS et al. A preliminary evaluation of the safety and tolerance of medicinally ingested vinegar in individuals with type 2 diabetes. J Med Food, 2008. PMID 18361754 (12-week trial of 2,800 mg acetic acid a day: tolerance and side effects). · ConsumerLab.com. Apple cider vinegar supplements review, news release October 21, 2020: supplements contained 14 to 51 mg acetic acid versus about 700 to 800 mg per serving of liquid. · NSF dietary supplement listings (info.nsf.org, NSF/ANSI 173), checked October 17, 2026: BUBS Naturals Apple Cider Vinegar Gummies and OLLY Metabolism Gummy Rings listed; no listing found for the ranked eight. · Product Supplement Facts panels, directions and prices from each product's current Amazon listing, read October 17, 2026.