Taurine is an amino acid your body makes and gets from meat, fish and dairy, and it is one of the most common ingredients in energy drinks. It became a supplement trend in 2023, when a study reported that taurine extended lifespan in worms and mice. Supplements are almost all synthetic taurine, the same molecule whatever the label says, and no single-ingredient taurine product we found carries an NSF contents certification. That makes this a category where products differ mainly in price, form, what else is in the bottle, and how much the marketing promises.

So this ranking rewards what you can check: the cost of 3 g, the observed safe level from a 2008 safety review; whether the serving size makes that dose easy; what testing the brand will show you; what else is added; and how far the claims outrun the research. We read the Supplement Facts panel on every product's current Amazon listing and scored all ten on the same five criteria. For the aging research in more depth, see our taurine and aging guide.

The short version

  • Best overall: Nutricost Taurine Powder, pure taurine in a 2 g scoop for about $0.07 per 3 g, with a plain listing.
  • Best for checking your lot: NutraBio, the only brand here that says you can look up third-party results by lot number.
  • Best capsule: NOW Taurine 1,000 mg, vegan capsules at about $0.21 per 3 g.
  • We found no US contents certification for plain taurine. No single-ingredient taurine product appears on NSF's supplement or Certified for Sport listings.
  • The aging claims rest on animals. Taurine extended median lifespan 10 to 12 percent in mice; two 2025 human studies found blood taurine does not fall with age, and no human aging trial has reported results.
  • Effects in people are small. Pooled trials found blood pressure about 3 to 4.7 mmHg lower and small exercise gains, with the newest analysis rated low to very low certainty.
  • 3 g a day is the observed safe level. Higher doses have less long-term safety data.
Disclosure: NutraSmarts is reader-supported. We may earn an affiliate commission when you buy through links on this page, at no extra cost to you. It never changes our rankings, and no brand paid to be featured or sent us product. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. See our affiliate disclosure.

How we ranked them

Plain taurine is the same synthetic molecule in every product, so we scored what actually separates them:

Scores are rounded to one decimal. We also looked at Nutricost's 1,000 mg gelatin capsules, Designs for Health Taurine and Life Extension Taurine Powder, and left out multi-ingredient heart formulas, energy drinks and magnesium taurate, which is a magnesium supplement. No brand paid to be included, and none sent product.

What taurine research actually shows

The aging study and the pushback. In a 2023 study in Science, taurine extended median lifespan by 10 to 12 percent in mice and 10 to 23 percent in worms, and improved health markers in middle-aged monkeys. The human evidence in that paper was observational: older people had lower blood taurine, and higher levels went with healthier markers. In 2025, a National Institute on Aging team found blood taurine increased or stayed the same with age in three human cohorts, and a study of 137 men aged 20 to 93 found no link between taurine and age, strength or muscle function. We found no published trial of taurine supplements for aging in people; one is registered but has not reported results.

Blood pressure and metabolic markers. Pooled trials found small drops in blood pressure: about 3 mmHg in a 2018 analysis of 7 studies and about 4 to 4.7 mmHg systolic in larger 2020, 2024 and 2026 analyses. In the best single trial, 120 adults with blood pressure above normal but below the high range took 1.6 g a day for 12 weeks; clinic systolic pressure fell 7.2 mmHg on taurine versus 2.6 on placebo. Fasting blood sugar fell about 5.9 mg/dL in pooled trials, mostly in people with diabetes, obesity or metabolic syndrome, and a 2020 analysis found no significant difference in body weight. These are lab markers; we found no trial that measured heart attacks, strokes or deaths.

A retracted trial in the heart evidence. A 2017 heart-failure trial of 16 patients was retracted in 2026, and both 2024 meta-analyses by the same team included it; they also print the identical blood pressure estimate, so they are not independent confirmations. In Japan, taurine is a prescription drug for heart failure at 3 g a day alongside standard medicines, a foreign drug approval that is not a US supplement claim; the Japanese heart-failure trials we found were small and decades old. More in our taurine and the heart explainer.

Exercise. A 2018 meta-analysis of 10 studies found a small endurance benefit, and a 2025 analysis of 23 single-dose trials found a small benefit across exercise tasks, with the certainty of evidence rated low to very low and no significant dose-response between 1 and 6 g. An energy-drink dose of 80 mg caffeine plus 1 g taurine did not improve repeated sprints. A narrative review concluded that "limited and varied findings prohibit definitive conclusions."

Other uses. In people with chronic liver disease, 2 g a day cut muscle cramps by about seven per fortnight versus placebo in a crossover trial analyzed in the 30 of 49 patients who completed it; we found no cramp trial in healthy people. A 2025 meta-analysis of 7 trials found no significant effect on cognition. We found no human trials of taurine alone for sleep, anxiety, eyes or tinnitus.

Quality. Commercial taurine is synthetic, made from simple industrial chemicals and then purified, so plain taurine powder is vegan; check the capsule shell. Vegans have lower blood taurine than meat eaters, though we found no trial showing that supplementing changes health outcomes for them. ConsumerLab tested nine taurine products in 2018 and reported no quality problems, but that testing is old and its approved list is paywalled.

The 10 best taurine supplements

Tap any product to jump straight to its full review.

#1Nutricost Taurine unflavored powder tub, 1 kg
Best Overall

Nutricost Taurine Powder (1 kg)

4.3 / 5

Best for: Plain taurine at a low price per gram

Taurine per scoop
2,000 mg
1 scoop a day
Other ingredients
None
Servings
500
Testing claim
Unnamed third party
No named lab
Form
Powder
Cost per 3 g
$0.07

The top pick because it does the basics best: a 1 kg tub of taurine with nothing added, a 2 g scoop, about $0.07 per 3 g, and a listing that makes no benefit claims at all. Its main weakness is common in this category: the "third party tested" line names no lab and shows no results.

Pros
  • Taurine and nothing else, in a 2 g scoop
  • About $0.07 for 3 g, a hair behind Micro Ingredients for the cheapest here
  • A plain listing with no benefit claims at all
  • More than 3,000 Amazon ratings averaging 4.5 stars
Cons
  • "Third party tested" names no lab and shows no results
  • Powder is less convenient than capsules for travel
  • A 1 kg tub lasts well over a year at 2 g a day
Check price on Amazon →$24.95 for 1 kg, 500 servings · seen October 20, 2026
#2BulkSupplements Taurine powder pouch, 1 kg
Best Bulk Powder

BulkSupplements Taurine Powder (1 kg)

4.2 / 5

Best for: A bulk powder with a 2 g serving

Taurine per serving
2,000 mg
3/4 teaspoon
Other ingredients
Silicon dioxide
Servings
500
Testing claim
Unnamed third party
No named lab
Form
Powder
Cost per 3 g
$0.09

Nearly identical to Nutricost: 2 g of taurine per 3/4 teaspoon with only a flow agent, about $0.09 per 3 g. It ranks second because of the added flow agent and a gallery that pitches workout results and athletic performance, where pooled exercise effects are small and the newest analysis rates the evidence low to very low certainty. Like Nutricost's, its third-party testing badge names no lab.

Pros
  • 2 g of taurine per serving, about $0.09 for 3 g
  • Only a flow agent added
  • More than 4,000 Amazon ratings averaging 4.6 stars
Cons
  • Its "third party tested" badge names no lab
  • Markets it for workout results and athletic performance, which taurine trials show only small, inconsistent effects on
  • No scoop size is printed beyond "about 2 grams" per 3/4 teaspoon
Check price on Amazon →$29.97 for 1 kg, 500 servings · seen October 20, 2026
#3NOW Taurine Powder bottle, 8 oz
Best Small Tub

NOW Taurine Powder (8 oz)

4.0 / 5

Best for: Trying taurine without buying a kilogram

Taurine per serving
875 mg
1/4 teaspoon
Other ingredients
Silicon dioxide 0.5%
Servings
About 252
Testing claim
In-house lab
No named lab
Form
Powder
Cost per 3 g
$0.12

The cheapest way to try taurine, at $8.99 for a 227 g tub and about $0.12 per 3 g, with a restrained listing and a label that tells people on blood pressure or diuretic medicines to check with a doctor. The serving is a small 1/4 teaspoon, 875 mg, and testing is done in NOW's own accredited labs rather than by an independent program.

Pros
  • The lowest entry price here, $8.99, for about $0.12 per 3 g
  • A restrained listing that sticks to basic structure and function wording
  • The label warns people on blood pressure or diuretic medicines to check with a doctor first
Cons
  • The label serving is 1/4 teaspoon, 875 mg; 3 g is about 3 1/2 servings
  • NOW says testing is done in its own ISO/IEC-accredited labs, not by an independent program
  • A 227 g tub lasts about 2 1/2 months at 3 g a day
  • The label directs 1/4 teaspoon 1 to 2 times a day, so 3 g goes beyond its own directions
Check price on Amazon →$8.99 for 227 g · seen October 20, 2026
#4NutraBio Taurine free form amino acid powder tub, 500 g
Best for Checking Your Lot

NutraBio Taurine Powder (500 g)

4.0 / 5

Best for: Buyers who want to look up their lot's test results

Taurine per scoop
1,000 mg
1 g scoop
Other ingredients
None listed
Servings
500
Testing claim
Lot lookup
Lot lookup
Form
Powder
Cost per 3 g
$0.14

The most transparent testing claim here: NutraBio says you can enter the lot number from your tub to see third-party results, and its Supplement Facts panel lists taurine alone. The lookup page does not name the lab, and we could not view a taurine result without a lot number. The 1 g scoop makes 3 g three scoops, and its "Feel the Difference" timeline promises better pumps, fat oxidation and focus that trials have not shown.

Pros
  • The only brand here that says you can look up third-party results by the lot number on your bottle
  • The Supplement Facts panel lists taurine and no other ingredients
  • About $0.14 for 3 g
Cons
  • The lookup page does not name the lab, and we could not view a taurine result without a lot number
  • A 1 g scoop, so 3 g means three scoops
  • A "Feel the Difference" timeline promises better pumps, fat oxidation and focus, which taurine trials have not shown
  • Fewer than 200 Amazon ratings
  • Its title says "USP grade", but the product carries no USP Verified mark
Check price on Amazon →$22.99 for 500 g, 500 servings · seen October 20, 2026
#5Micro Ingredients Taurine pure unflavored powder pouch, 1 kg
Lowest Cost per Gram

Micro Ingredients Taurine Powder (1 kg)

3.9 / 5

Best for: The lowest cost per gram

Taurine per scoop
2,000 mg
1 scoop a day
Other ingredients
None
Servings
500
Testing claim
Unnamed third party
No named lab
Form
Powder
Cost per 3 g
$0.07

The cheapest per gram, about $0.07 per 3 g, with nothing added and a 2 g scoop. It ranks fifth because of its marketing: "natural anti-aging properties", energy claims, an absorption claim for free-form taurine, a comparison with pills, and dog and cat serving guides on a human supplement. Its testing claim names no lab.

Pros
  • About $0.07 for 3 g ($21.99 a kilogram), the cheapest per gram here
  • Taurine and nothing else, in a 2 g scoop
Cons
  • Its third-party testing claim names no lab
  • Claims "natural anti-aging properties" and energy benefits that human trials have not shown
  • Says free-form taurine is "easily absorbed" and compares itself with pills that "may contain" fillers
  • Prints dog and cat serving guides on a human supplement; ask a veterinarian about pets
Check price on Amazon →$21.99 for 1 kg, 500 servings · seen October 20, 2026
#6NOW Double Strength Taurine 1000 mg 250 veg capsule bottle
Best Capsule

NOW Taurine 1,000 mg (250 capsules)

3.7 / 5

Best for: Capsule users who want the lowest cost

Taurine per capsule
1,000 mg
1 to 2 a day
Other ingredients
HPMC capsule, stearic acid, silica
Capsules
250
Testing claim
In-house lab
No named lab
Form
Vegan capsules
Cost per 3 g
$0.21

The best capsule: vegan 1,000 mg capsules at about $0.21 per 3 g, the lowest capsule cost here, with the same restrained listing and blood pressure medicine warning as NOW's powder. The label directs 1 to 2 capsules a day, and testing is in-house.

Pros
  • The cheapest capsule per gram here, about $0.21 for 3 g
  • Vegan capsules with a restrained listing
  • The label warns people on blood pressure or diuretic medicines to check with a doctor first
  • Nearly 3,000 Amazon ratings averaging 4.7 stars
Cons
  • Testing is done in NOW's own labs, not by an independent program
  • The label directs 1 to 2 capsules, so 3 g goes beyond the label's own directions
Check price on Amazon →$17.40 for 250 capsules · seen October 20, 2026
#7Life Extension Taurine 1000 mg 90 vegetarian capsule bottle
Best Budget Bottle

Life Extension Taurine 1,000 mg

3.5 / 5

Best for: A cheap capsule bottle with flexible dosing

Taurine per capsule
1,000 mg
1 to 3 a day
Other ingredients
Cellulose capsule, silica, stearate
Capsules
90
Testing claim
COA on request
No named lab
Form
Vegetarian capsules
Cost per 3 g
$0.33

A low $9.75 bottle of 1,000 mg vegetarian capsules whose directions allow up to 3 a day, with a certificate of analysis available on request. At 3 g a day it lasts a month, about $0.33 per 3 g, and the listing says taurine "encourages a healthy lifespan", which rests on animal and observational data.

Pros
  • Directions allow up to 3 capsules, 3 g, a day
  • A low $9.75 bottle price
  • Says a certificate of analysis is available for every product
Cons
  • About $0.33 for 3 g, and a bottle lasts a month at that amount
  • Says it "encourages a healthy lifespan"; the aging evidence comes from animals and observational studies
  • The certificate is on request, and no lab is named on the listing
Check price on Amazon →$9.75 for 90 capsules · seen October 20, 2026
#8Jarrow Formulas Taurine 1000 mg 100 capsule bottle
Best Once-a-Day Capsule

Jarrow Formulas Taurine 1,000 mg

3.2 / 5

Best for: One capsule a day, if gelatin is fine

Taurine per capsule
1,000 mg
1 a day
Other ingredients
Bovine gelatin capsule, Mg stearate, MCC
Capsules
100
Testing claim
None shown
Form
Gelatin capsules
Cost per 3 g
$0.38

One 1,000 mg capsule a day at about $0.38 per 3 g. It loses points for a bovine gelatin capsule, no testing claim on the listing, a "pharmaceutical grade" label that has no official meaning for supplements, and a neuroprotection claim that has not been shown in people.

Pros
  • 1,000 mg in one capsule a day
  • About $0.38 for 3 g
  • Nearly 1,400 Amazon ratings averaging 4.6 stars
Cons
  • Bovine gelatin capsule, so not for vegans or vegetarians
  • No testing claim on the listing
  • Calls itself "pharmaceutical grade", a term with no official meaning for supplements
  • Claims "neuroprotection", which has not been shown in people
Check price on Amazon →$12.83 for 100 capsules · seen October 20, 2026
#9Pure Encapsulations Taurine 1000 mg 120 capsule bottle
Fewest Capsule Additives

Pure Encapsulations Taurine 1,000 mg

3.2 / 5

Best for: A minimal-excipient capsule, at a price

Taurine per capsule
1,000 mg
1 to 4 a day
Other ingredients
Cellulose capsule, ascorbyl palmitate
Capsules
120
Testing claim
Unnamed lab
No named lab
Form
Vegetarian capsules
Cost per 3 g
$0.88

The cleanest capsule formula here, with only a cellulose capsule and an antioxidant, and directions that allow up to 4 capsules a day. It is also by far the most expensive, about $0.88 per 3 g, its testing claim names no outside lab, and it claims detoxification and immune support that taurine trials have not shown.

Pros
  • Only the capsule and an antioxidant added, with no magnesium stearate or silica
  • Directions allow up to 4 capsules a day
  • 4.7 stars across more than 1,800 Amazon ratings
Cons
  • About $0.88 for 3 g, the most expensive here
  • "Manufactured and tested to verify potency and purity" names no outside lab
  • Claims detoxification support, which taurine trials have not shown
Check price on Amazon →$35.00 for 120 capsules · seen October 20, 2026
#10Solgar Taurine 500 mg 250 vegetable capsule bottle
Best Low-Dose Capsule

Solgar Taurine 500 mg

2.9 / 5

Best for: Small doses of 500 mg

Taurine per capsule
500 mg
up to 4 a day
Other ingredients
Cellulose capsule, MCC, stearic acid
Capsules
250
Testing claim
None shown
Form
Vegetable capsules
Cost per 3 g
$0.52

Small 500 mg vegan capsules make low doses easy, but 3 g takes 6 capsules, more than the label's maximum of 4, at about $0.52. There is no testing claim; the NSF mark on the bottle certifies gluten-free status, not contents; and the listing credits free-form taurine with optimal absorption, which describes every taurine supplement, and the gallery calls Solgar "the gold standard" for supplements.

Pros
  • 500 mg capsules make small doses easy
  • Vegan, kosher and certified gluten-free
  • 4.7 stars across about 600 Amazon ratings
Cons
  • 3 g takes 6 capsules, more than the label's maximum of 4
  • About $0.52 for 3 g
  • No testing claim; its NSF mark certifies gluten-free status, not contents
  • Says free-form taurine gives "optimal absorption"; all taurine supplements are free-form
  • Calls Solgar "the gold standard for vitamins and supplements", a claim no one can verify
Check price on Amazon →$21.47 for 250 capsules · seen October 20, 2026

The full lineup, side by side

Amounts come from each product's Supplement Facts panel on its Amazon listing. Taurine is a cheap, simple ingredient, so cost per gram and what else is in the bottle separate products more than anything else. No single-ingredient taurine product we found holds an NSF contents certification.

ProductFormTaurine per serving (label)Other ingredientsTesting claimCost per 3 gScore
#1 Nutricost PowderPowder2,000 mg (1 scoop)NoneUnnamed third party$0.074.3
#2 BulkSupplementsPowder2,000 mg (3/4 tsp)Silicon dioxideUnnamed third party$0.094.2
#3 NOW PowderPowder875 mg (1/4 tsp)Silicon dioxideIn-house lab$0.124.0
#4 NutraBioPowder1,000 mg (1 scoop)None listedLot lookup (lab not named)$0.144.0
#5 Micro IngredientsPowder2,000 mg (1 scoop)NoneUnnamed third party$0.073.9
#6 NOW 1,000 mg CapsulesCapsules1,000 mg (1 cap)HPMC capsule, stearic acid, silicaIn-house lab$0.213.7
#7 Life ExtensionCapsules1,000 mg (1 to 3 caps)Cellulose capsule, silica, stearateCOA on request$0.333.5
#8 JarrowCapsules (gelatin)1,000 mg (1 cap)Bovine gelatin, Mg stearate, MCCNone shown$0.383.2
#9 Pure EncapsulationsCapsules1,000 mg (1 to 4 caps)Cellulose capsule, ascorbyl palmitateUnnamed lab$0.883.2
#10 SolgarCapsules (500 mg)500 mg (1 to 4 caps)Cellulose capsule, MCC, stearic acidNone shown$0.522.9

Prices are Amazon prices on October 20, 2026 and change often. Cost per 3 g is the container price divided by the grams of taurine it holds, times 3, whatever the label's own serving. Of the labels we read, only Life Extension's and Pure Encapsulations' directions reach 3 g a day; most direct 2 g or less. Testing claims are as the brands state them; we checked NSF's listings on October 20, 2026. If you take blood pressure, blood sugar or lithium medicine, or have kidney disease, ask your prescriber before adding taurine.

How to choose, and what to check first

Pick your dose, then the form. Supplement trials used 0.5 to 6 g a day, and 3 g a day is the observed safe level. If you want 2 to 3 g, powder is far cheaper and easier: one 2 g scoop versus three 1,000 mg capsules or six 500 mg capsules.

Ignore "natural" and "free-form" claims. Supplement taurine is synthetic and identical to the taurine in food, and every taurine supplement is free-form. Neither word tells you anything about quality. If you avoid animal products, check whether the capsule is gelatin.

Look for testing you can see. No plain taurine product we found holds an NSF contents certification. A lot lookup or a certificate that names the lab beats an unnamed "third party tested" badge. Energy drinks are not a substitute: they pair about 1 g of taurine per 250 mL can with caffeine and sugar.

Before you buy, check these five things.
  • Blood pressure and diabetes medicines. Taurine modestly lowered blood pressure and blood sugar in trials, so its effect could add to those medicines; ask your prescriber first.
  • Lithium. Drug references list a possible interaction based on a theoretical mechanism; we found no human study, so ask your prescriber.
  • Kidney disease, pregnancy and breastfeeding. Taurine is cleared by the kidneys, and we found no safety trials of taurine alone in kidney disease or pregnancy.
  • Dose. 3 g a day is the observed safe level from a 2008 review by authors at a supplement trade group; trials have used up to 9 to 12 g a day under medical supervision in a rare disease, but long-term safety data above 3 g are limited.
  • Expectations. The effects measured in people are small changes in blood pressure, blood sugar markers and endurance tests, not longer life.

Frequently asked questions

What is the best form of taurine?

Plain taurine powder or capsules. Supplement taurine is synthetic and identical in every product, and every taurine supplement is free-form, so the differences are price, serving size, other ingredients and testing.

How much taurine should you take?

Supplement trials used 0.5 to 6 g a day, and 3 g a day is the observed safe level from a 2008 risk review. A 2026 meta-analysis found 1.5 to 3 g a day most effective for blood pressure and metabolic markers. Ask your clinician what fits you.

Does taurine slow aging?

In animals, taurine extended median lifespan 10 to 12 percent in mice and 10 to 23 percent in worms. In people, the evidence is observational, and two 2025 studies found blood taurine does not fall with age. We found no published human trial of taurine for aging.

Does taurine lower blood pressure?

Pooled trials found blood pressure about 3 to 4.7 mmHg lower on taurine, a small effect measured over weeks to months. We found no trial that measured heart attacks or strokes. If you take blood pressure medicine, ask your prescriber before adding it.

Is taurine safe?

At up to 3 g a day, trials have reported few side effects, and that is the observed safe level from a 2008 review. One case of a severe allergic reaction has been reported. People who take blood pressure, diabetes or lithium medicine, have kidney disease, or are pregnant should ask a clinician first.

Is the taurine in supplements from bulls?

No. The name comes from ox bile, where taurine was first found, but supplement and energy-drink taurine is almost always made synthetically and contains no animal products. Some capsules use gelatin shells, so check the label if that matters to you.

Does taurine help workouts?

Pooled trials found a small endurance benefit, and a 2025 analysis of single doses found a small benefit across exercise tasks, rated low to very low certainty, with no significant dose-response between 1 and 6 g. An energy-drink dose of caffeine plus 1 g of taurine did not improve repeated sprints.

The bottom line

The best taurine supplement is plain taurine at a dose you can measure easily and a price you can sustain. Nutricost's powder does that best, BulkSupplements is a near twin, and NutraBio is the pick if you want to check your lot's test results; NOW's 1,000 mg capsules are the best capsule. Keep expectations modest: the aging story comes from animals, and the effects measured in people are small changes in blood pressure, blood sugar markers and endurance.

VS
Reviewed for accuracy by
Vladimir Salamakha

B.S. in Chemistry, University of South Florida · a formulation scientist with 15 years developing compliant, evidence-based products across nutritional supplements and personal care. More about the author →

A quick note This article is general information, not medical advice. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration, and these products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Most supplement trials used 0.5 to 6 g of taurine a day for up to a year, and 3 g a day is the observed safe level in a 2008 risk review. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before using it if you take blood pressure, diabetes or lithium medicine, have kidney disease, or are pregnant or breastfeeding; we found no safety trials in pregnancy. Most of these products are labeled for adults. Product labels and prices change, so check the current details before buying.
Sources
Singh P et al. Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging. Science, 2023. PMID 37289866 (taurine extended median lifespan 10 to 12% in mice and 10 to 23% in worms; human data observational; patent filed by senior author's university). · Fernandez ME et al. Is taurine an aging biomarker? Science, 2025. PMID 40472098 (circulating taurine increased or stayed unchanged with age in three human cohorts, monkeys and mice). · Marcangeli V et al. Experimental Evidence Against Taurine Deficiency as a Driver of Aging in Humans. Aging Cell, 2025. PMID 41061678 (137 men aged 20 to 93: no association of taurine with age, strength, performance or mitochondrial function). · Waldron M et al. The Effects of Oral Taurine on Resting Blood Pressure in Humans: a Meta-Analysis. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2018. PMID 30006901 (7 studies: systolic and diastolic blood pressure about 3 mmHg lower, authors' translation of effect sizes). · Guan L et al. The effects of taurine supplementation on obesity, blood pressure and lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pharmacol, 2020. PMID 32871172 (12 trials: systolic -4.67 mmHg; body weight, BMI and fasting glucose not significantly different). · Tzang CC et al. Insights into the cardiovascular benefits of taurine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr J, 2024. PMID 39148075 (20 trials: systolic about -4.0 mmHg; includes a 2017 heart-failure trial later retracted). · Tzang CC et al. Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Diabetes, 2024. PMID 38755142 (25 trials: systolic about -4.0 mmHg, fasting glucose -5.9 mg/dL; includes the same retracted trial). · Nie Z et al. Effects of Oral Taurine Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. Nutr Rev, 2026. PMID 41275513 (34 trials: systolic -4.38 mmHg, fasting glucose -5.90 mg/dL; 1.5 to 3 g a day most effective). · Sun Q et al. Taurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Hypertension, 2016. PMID 26781281 (120 adults with above-normal blood pressure, 1.6 g a day for 12 weeks: clinic systolic -7.2 vs -2.6 mmHg on placebo; largest effect in those with high-normal pressure). · Azuma J et al. Therapy of congestive heart failure with orally administered taurine. Clin Ther, 1983. PMID 6871923 (uncontrolled study of 24 heart-failure patients at 4 g a day). · Azuma J et al. Therapeutic effect of taurine in congestive heart failure: a double-blind crossover trial. Clin Cardiol, 1985. PMID 3888464 (double-blind crossover in 14 heart-failure patients, add-on to standard treatment). · McGurk KA et al. Effect of taurine administration on symptoms, severity, or clinical outcome of dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure in humans: a systematic review. Wellcome Open Res, 2022. PMID 35855073 (systematic review of 11 heart-failure studies: only one high quality; formal trial needed). · Tao X et al. The effects of taurine supplementation on diabetes mellitus in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Chem (Oxf), 2022. PMID 35769396 (5 trials in people with diabetes: lower HbA1c and fasting glucose; blood pressure and body composition not significantly different). · Sun Q et al. Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 2024. PMID 39796489 (9 trials in overweight and obesity: lower fasting insulin). · Waldron M et al. The Effects of an Oral Taurine Dose and Supplementation Period on Endurance Exercise Performance in Humans: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Med, 2018. PMID 29546641 (10 studies: small endurance benefit; no dose-response). · Deng H et al. Does One Shot Work? The Acute Impact of a Single Taurine Dose on Exercise Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2025. PMID 40852891 (23 single-dose trials: small effect, low to very low certainty; no dose-response from 1 to 6 g). · Kurtz JA et al. Taurine in sports and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 2021. PMID 34039357 (narrative review: limited and varied findings). · Jeffries O et al. Energy Drink Doses of Caffeine and Taurine Have a Null or Negative Effect on Sprint Performance. J Strength Cond Res, 2020. PMID 29065052 (80 mg caffeine plus 1 g taurine did not improve repeated sprints). · Vidot H et al. Randomised clinical trial: oral taurine supplementation versus placebo reduces muscle cramps in patients with chronic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2018. PMID 30136291 (chronic liver disease, 2 g a day: about seven fewer cramps per fortnight vs placebo). · Cao Q et al. Effects of taurine supplementation on cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Food Sci Nutr, 2025. PMID 40320621 (7 trials: no significant effect of taurine on cognitive scores). · Ohsawa Y et al. Taurine supplementation for prevention of stroke-like episodes in MELAS: a multicentre, open-label, 52-week phase III trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2019. PMID 29666206 (open-label trial of 9 to 12 g a day for 52 weeks in 10 patients with a rare mitochondrial disease). · Shao A et al. Risk assessment for the amino acids taurine, L-glutamine and L-arginine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 2008. PMID 18325648 (risk review by trade-group authors: observed safe level 3 g a day). · Lee SE et al. A case of taurine-containing drink induced anaphylaxis. Asia Pac Allergy, 2013. PMID 23404176 (case report of anaphylaxis to taurine). · Laidlaw SA et al. Plasma and urine taurine levels in vegans. Am J Clin Nutr, 1988. PMID 3354491 (vegans had lower plasma and urine taurine). · European Food Safety Authority ANS Panel. The use of taurine and D-glucurono-gamma-lactone as constituents of the so-called energy drinks. EFSA Journal 2009;935:1-31 (rat no-adverse-effect level 1,000 mg/kg a day; heavy energy-drink users about 1,400 mg a day; synthetic production). · Retraction notice for Ahmadian et al., J Diet Suppl 2017 (PMID 28118062), published 2026 (PMID 41943494). · Japanese prescription label for taurine powder 98% (Taisho): heart failure, 1 g three times daily with standard medicines. · NSF dietary supplement listings (info.nsf.org, NSF/ANSI 173) and NSF Certified for Sport search (nsfsport.com), checked October 20, 2026; ConsumerLab taurine review public summary (2018 testing). · Product Supplement Facts panels, directions, prices and listing claims from each product's current Amazon listing, read October 20, 2026; NutraBio CheckMySupps page.